Table 2.

Descriptive statistics of DXA measurements of human vertebrae, stochastic predictors from the BMD map of human vertebrae, and microarchitecture parameters of trabecular bone within the vertebral body.

	Avg.±S.D.	Range	p-value
DXA parameters
BMD (g/cm2)	0.941±0.084	0.749~1.089	0.108(a)
BMC (g)	16.95±2.25	12.540~20.570	0.776(a)
Area (cm2)	18.06±2.16	14.64~21.33	0.411(a)
T-score	−0.6±0.8	−2.4~0.5	0.435(a)
Stochastic predictors
Hole-effect model
Correlation length (mm)	27.6±4.9	17.7~35.3	0.469(a)
Sill variance (g/cm2)2	0.115±0.021	0.075~0.150	0.623(a)
Nugget variance (g/cm2)2	0.017±0.012	0~0.041	0.293(a)
Exponential model
Correlation length (mm)	17.3±2.6	13.1~21.2	0.408(a)
Sill variance (g/cm2)2	0.151±0.032	0.08~0.21	0.797(a)
Nugget variance (g/cm2)2	0.000±0.00	0.000~0.000	(b)
Paired differences between hole-effect and exponential models
Correlation length (mm)	10.3±5.0	−3.21~15.2	0.000(c)
Sill variance (g/cm2)2	−0.036±0.015	−0.0673~−0.00699	0.000(c)
Nugget variance (g/cm2)2	0.017±0.012	0.00568~0.0408	0.000(c)
Slope of experimental variograms
Slope	1.510±0.038	1.447~1.606	0.469(a)
Microarchitecture parameters
BV/TV (%)	21.6±4.5	14.6~28.5	0.198(a)
BS/BV (mm2/mm3)	8.857±0.809	7.415~10.037	0.517(a)
Tb.Th (mm)	0.228±0.021	0.199~0.270	0.446(a)
Tb.N (1/mm)	0.941±0.133	0.733~1.158	0.456(a)
Tb.Sp (mm)	0.856±0.170	0.622~1.165	0.300(a)
Con.Den (1/mm3)	0.922±0.232	0.580~1.340	0.393(a)

^(a)The significance value of a Shaprio-Wilk test indicates whether the data are normal distribution. A p-value of less than 0.05 means the deviation away from the normal distribution.

^(b)The significance value of a Shaprio-Wilk test cannot be computed because at least of one of the variables is constant.

^(c)The significance values from the Student’s t-tests for paired samples.