Table 1.

Reference Vo₂ and hemodynamic values at rest and during maximal exercise

	Reference Man		Reference Woman
	Rest	Exercise (maximal)	Rest	Exercise (maximal)
Vo2, ml·kg−1·min−1
Sed	3.0–3.5	<45	∼3.0	<35
Active	∼3.5	50–60	∼3.5	40–50
Elite	3.5	70–85	3.5	∼60–73
Heart rate, beats/min
Sed	70	∼200	70	∼200
Active	60	∼200	60	∼200
Elite	50	∼200	50	∼200
CO, l/min
Sed	∼5	∼20	∼3.5–4	∼15
Active	∼5–6	∼25	∼3.5–4	∼20
Elite	∼5–6	30–40	∼3.5–4	∼25
Stroke volume, ml
Sed	∼65	∼100	∼55	∼70
Active	∼90	∼125	∼60–70	∼100
Elite	∼110	∼150–200	70	∼125

The above values are estimates and reflect norms established for humans in their 20s before the obesity and inactivity epidemics of the last ∼20–30 yr (19, 33, 358). Lean body mass has a marked influence on all of these values (see Table 2).