Table 2.
Studies support association cancer with periodontal disease.
| Cancer site | Author | Population | Study design | Risk estimate | Oral health status | Adjusted factor | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral cancer | Bundgaard et al. [23] | 161cases, 400 controls; Denmark Baseline age range: 45 to75 | Case-control | OR: 1.73 (1.23, 2.43) | Loss of teeth and dental condition by exam (good, average, poor) | Age, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of esophageal cancer when missing between 6 and 15 teeth controlled for smoking |
| Oral cancer | De Rezende et al.[24] | 150 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma | Case–control | No OR calculated | CPITNB and DMFTC | Age and sex, smoking and drinking habits | 76% of subjects in cancer group showed >6mm pockets compared to 10% of control group |
| Oral cancer | Garrote et al. [25] | 200 case/control pairs; Cuba Baseline age range: 25–91 | Case–control | OR: 2.74 (1.23, 6.12) <16 teeth lost | Missing teeth | Age, gender , education (years), smoking and drinking habits | Significantly increased risk of oral cancer for patients missing 16 or more teeth after smoking/ETOH adjustment |
| Oral and esophageal cancer | Guha et al .[26] | 924 cases head and neck and esophageal SCCA/928 controls in Europe | Case–control | Europe OR 2.89 | Dental condition by exam (good, average, Poor) | Sex , gender, alcohol and smoking | Poor oral condition significant increased risk of head and neck cancer |
| Oral, Lung, esophageal and gastric cancer | Hiraki et al. [27] | 429 cases head and neck cancer out of 5240 cancer patients and 10,480 control patients in Japan | Case–control | OR 1.68 for 0 remaining teeth | Loss of teeth | Sex, age, tobacco and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of head and neck cancer to decreased number remaining teeth |
| Oral cancer | Marshall, et al. [28] | 290 case/control pairs; Western New York, USA | Case–control | OR: 2.7 (1.1, 6.5) <11 teeth lost | Missing teeth | Age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of oral cancer with loss of 11 or more teeth after smoking and alcohol adjustment |
| Oral cancer | Rosenquist et al. [30] | 132 cases, 320 controls; Southern Sweden Baseline age range: 33–89 | Case–control | OR: 5.3 (2.5, 11.3) | Missing teeth, Panoramic radiograph | Age, gender, county, tobacco and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer for missing over 20 teeth after adjustment for smoking and EtOH |
| Oral cancer | Tezal et al. [31] | 151 cases and 54 controls in the United States | Case–control | OR :5.23 | mm of alveolar bone loss | Sex , age and smoking and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of tongue Cancer with each mm of bone lost after sex, age and smoking adjustment |
| Oral cancer | Zheng et al. [32] | 404 case–control pairs; Beijing, Baseline age range: 18–80 | Case–control | OR: 2.7 (1.1, 6.5) | Missing teeth | Age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of tongue cancer with each mm of bone lost after smoking adjustment |
| Esophageal and gastric cancer | Abnet et al. [34] | 283 esophageal SCCA and 560 Controls in Iran | Cohort | OR 2.10 | DMFT and poor hygiene, Loss of teeth | Age, gender tobacco and alcohol consumption | Significantly increased risk of esophageal SCCA with 32 DMFT compared to <15 Also found significant risk with poor oral hygiene and increasing numbers of teeth lost |
| Esophageal cancer | Abnet et al. [35] | 28,790 person cohort; People’s Republic of China 2,625 upper GI deaths Baseline age range: 40–69 | Cohort | OR: 1.35 (1.14, 1.59) Upper GI cancer mortality | Missing teeth | Age, gender, tobacco (never vs. Ever used regularly for 6 months)drinking habits | Significant increase in risk of upper GI deaths with increasing loss of teeth especially in a younger age controlled for smoking and EtOH |
| Upper GI and Gastric cancer | Watabe et al. [36] | 242 cases, 484 controls; Japan Baseline age range: 40–79 | Case–control | OR: 1.73 (1.23, 2.43) <10 teeth lost | Missing teeth | Age, gender, residential area, smoking and drinking habits | Significant increased risk of gastric cancer with more than 20 teeth lost when compared to none lost |
| Total cancer, Lung cancer, esophageal and Gastric cancer | Michaud et al. [38] | 11,328 person cohort; USA 191 lung and bronchus cancer deaths Baseline age range: 25–74 | Cohort | OR: 1.64 (1.19, 2.26) History of Periodontal disease | Missing teeth and history of periodontal disease | Age, smoking and drinking habits profession, race, geographic location, physical activity, | Significantly increased risk of overall cancer for patients with a history of periodontal disease after controlling for smoking |
DMFT = Decayed, missing, or filled teeth, mm= millimeter, SCCA=Squamous cell carcinoma, GI=Gastrointestinal , OR= Odd Ratio