Table 1. Characteristics of the Patients at Baseline.*.
| Variable | Intensive Therapy (N = 5128) | Standard Therapy (N = 5123) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 62.2±6.8 | 62.2±6.8 |
| Female sex (%) | 38.7 | 38.4 |
| Median duration of diabetes (yr) | 10 | 10 |
| Previous cardiovascular event (%) | 35.6 | 34.8 |
| Previous congestive heart failure (%) | 4.9 | 4.8 |
| Race or ethnic group (%)† | ||
| White | 64.4 | 64.5 |
| Black | 19.7 | 18.9 |
| Hispanic | 7.0 | 7.4 |
| Education (%) | ||
| Less than high school | 15.7 | 14.0 |
| High-school graduate | 26.1 | 26.7 |
| Some college | 32.7 | 32.9 |
| College degree or higher | 25.5 | 26.4 |
| Cigarette-smoking status (%) | ||
| Current | 14.3 | 13.7 |
| Former | 44.4 | 44.0 |
| Never | 41.3 | 42.3 |
| Weight (kg) | 93.5±18.7 | 93.6±18.7 |
| Body-mass index | 32.2±5.5 | 32.2±5.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.8±14.3 | 106.8±13.8 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||
| Systolic | 136.2±17.0 | 136.5±17.2 |
| Diastolic | 74.8±10.6 | 75.0±10.7 |
| Medications (%) | ||
| Insulin | 34.1 | 35.7 |
| Metformin | 59.7 | 60.0 |
| Any sulfonylurea | 50.8 | 49.4 |
| Any thiazolidinedione | 19.5 | 19.2 |
| Any antihypertensive agent | 84.9 | 86.0 |
| Angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor | 53.0 | 53.0 |
| Aspirin | 54.8 | 54.1 |
| Beta-blocker | 28.7 | 29.9 |
| Any thiazide diuretic | 26.5 | 26.4 |
| Statin | 61.7 | 62.4 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | ||
| Mean | 8.3±1.1 | 8.3±1.1 |
| Median | 8.1 | 8.1 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl) | 174.9±56.0 | 175.7±56.5 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | ||
| Total | 183.3±42.1 | 183.3±41.6 |
| Low-density lipoprotein | 104.9±34.0 | 104.9±33.8 |
| High-density lipoprotein | ||
| Women | 47.2±13.0 | 46.9±12.2 |
| Men | 38.4±9.5 | 38.8±9.8 |
| Median triglyceride (mg/dl) | 156 | 154 |
| Potassium (mg/dl) | 4.5±0.4 | 4.5±0.7 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 |
*
Plus–minus values are means ±SD. There were no significant differences between the two study groups at baseline. The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. To convert the values for glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.05551. To convert the values for cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.02586. To convert the values for triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.01129. To convert the values for potassium to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.2558. To convert the values for creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4.
†
Race was self-reported, and patients could check multiple categories.