Fig. 1.

Neural responses associated with reward anticipation. a Reward anticipation: activation stronger for Reward versus Non-Reward Cues. Activation plotted represents the linear contrast between reward and non-reward cues from the time of cue onset. Reward anticipation was associated with stronger response in a network of brain areas including the striatum, medial (pre)frontal cortex, bilateral insula and parahippocampus, as well as posterior occipital and parietal regions. b ASD symptom scores were positively correlated with left insula activity during reward anticipation. c ADHD symptom scores were negatively correlated with left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during reward anticipation. All activation shown was initially thresholded at the voxel level at Z > 2.3, followed by whole-brain correction at the voxel level at p < 0.025 (FWE). The clusters shown in panels b and c are significant after correction for familial non-independence and medication use. Results are plotted on representative slices of the NeuroIMAGE study template brain; coordinates are given in MNI space. See Additional file 5 for coordinates, p values and cluster extent. L left. P posterior. Z Z value