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. 2015 Aug 28;6:640. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00640

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Copyright © 2015 Dey and Corina Volt.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ERF regulation at multiple levels to confer stress tolerance in monocots. (A) Transcription: OsERF063 and OsERF073 transcript accumulation in rice is induced by ethylene (ET) in an OsEIN2-dependent manner. (B) Transcription activation. On left: Stress-induced phosphorylation of OsSERF1 by OsMAPK5 in rice produces the active ERF conformation facilitating DNA binding and thereby transcriptional activation of downstream genes, including OsMAPK5, and the ERF OsSERF1 itself in a positive feedback loop as indicated by the dotted line. On right: ERF transcription might be activated by the concerted action of the mediator complex (AtMED25/TaPFT1) binding to both AtERF1 and AtORA59 triggering target gene expression as well as AtORA59 transcript accumulation in a positive feedback loop that is indicated by the dotted line. (C) miRNA-mediated silencing: barley miRNA172 is repressed by TaDREB3 while miRNA172 in maize targets at least two AP2/ERF transcripts; the data suggest that miRNA172 acts both downstream and upstream of AP2/ERFs to regulate AP2/ERF transcript accumulation. (D) Alternative splicing: mRNA abundance of different DREB2 isoforms in barley, wheat, maize and rice is controlled by stress-induced alternative splicing. (E) Transcription amplification: Signal amplification by (OsSUB1A) that induces downstream ERFs (Jung et al., 2010) possibly by binding to upstream GCC box in the promoters of the other ERF genes. This in turn leads to the expression of specific stress responsive downstream targets (A–C). Abbreviations: miRNA, microRNA; TaDREB3, Triticum aestivum Dehydration Responsive Element Binding 3; AP2/ERF, APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR; OsERF, Oryza sativa Ethylene Responsive Factor; OsEIN2, Oryza sativa Ethylene Insensitive 2; AtMED25, Arabidopsis thaliana MEDIATOR 25; TaPFT1, Triticum aestivum PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1; AtERF1, Arabidopsis thaliana Ethylene Responsive Factor 1; AtORA59, Arabidopsis thaliana OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein59; OsSERF1, Oryza sativa SALT-RESPONSIVE-ERF1; OsMAPK5, Oryza sativa MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE5, OsSUB1A, Oryza sativa SUBMERGENCE1 locus gene A; GCC box, (AGCCGCC) cis-acting element; TFs, Transcription factors.