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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Res. 2011 Mar 31;40(5):1292–1336. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.03.007

Table 20.

Summary Characteristics of Spouses' Skin Color and Skin-Color Difference in Marriages Formed by U.S. Citizen Sponsors and Their Immigrant Spouses: NIS-2003 Cohort

Sponsor Characteristics Husbands Wives Skin-Color Difference N
Sponsor male native-born 2.93 (2.17) 3.58 (2.09) .651 (1.91) 133
Sponsor male foreign-born 3.92 (1.93) 3.65 (1.90) −.267 (1.39) 193
Sponsor female native-born 4.60 (2.24) 3.04 (2.08) 1.57 (2.34) 106
Sponsor female foreign-born 4.22 (2.36) 3.95 (2.36) .269 (1.74) 104

Notes: Skin color is measured by the interviewer on an 11-point scale. Skin-color difference is defined as the immigrant's skin color minus the sponsor's skin color. Estimates based on weighted data. Standard deviations in parentheses beneath arithmetic means. The average skin-color difference across all four sets of spouse-of-U.S.-citizen couples is .419 and the standard deviation is 1.92.