Fig 3. Hemodynamic parameters changes after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Pre-hospital resuscitation (0-60min) from hemorrhagic shock respectively with (1) 40ml/kg lactated ringers at a constant rate of 20 ml/min (LR group), (2) a bolus of HSD (4ml/kg) over a fixed interval of 2 min (HSD group), or (3) an initial bolus of HSD (4ml/kg) with a continued infusion of 40ml/kg Lactated Ringer (HSD+LR group). Subsequently all groups were injected with lactated ringers in in-hospital (60-90min) until the MAP reached 85% of the baseline level. (A) cardiac index (CI). (B) systolic volume index (SVI). (C) global end-diastolic index (GEDVI). (D) total intrathoracic blood index (ITBI). (E) systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). (F) extravascular lung water (EVLW) (G) pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI). (H) arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂). *P<0.05 vs LR (black square); ^#P<0.05 vs HSD (open circle); ^&P<0.05 vs HSD+LR (shaded triangle). n = 7 for all groups.