Table 1.

In vivo studies to assess the effect of grape powder in different diseases

Grape formulation and dosages	Model system	Outcome of the study	References
Grape powder (1, 2, or 5%) in AIN-93G diets beginning 2nd week before the first dose of DMBA for up to 12 weeks	SENCAR mice treated with DMBA (N = 30/group)	Grape powder was found to exert antitumor effects against DMBA-induced skin tumorigenesis, which was associated with reduced levels of 8-OH-dG (oxidative DNA damage), Ha-ras mutations (antitumor initiation potential), and COX-2 expression (antitumor promotion potential).	28
Grape powder (15 g/L) in tap water for 3 weeks	Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 10/group)	Grape powder attenuated L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine–induced anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and high blood pressure.	29
Grape powder (15 g/L) in tap water for 3 weeks	Ovariectomized Wistar rats (N = 10/group)	Grape powder treatment improved anxiety-like behavior and learning memory function, restored systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reduced the level of oxidative stress.	30
Grape powder (15 g/L) in tap water for 3 weeks followed by SPS.	Male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 10/group)	Grape powder prevented SPS-induced behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical impairments in rats.	31
Grape powder (3.0% wt/wt) in AIN-76A diet for 18 weeks	Male Dahl-Rapp salt-sensitive rats (N = 12/group)	Grape powder–enriched diets reduced hypertension-associated cardiac pathology and diastolic dysfunction.	32
Grape powder (600 mg/day by gavage for 10 weeks	Male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (N = 8/group)	Grape powder reduced blood pressure, improved vascular function and compliance, and attenuated cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).	34
Grape powder (20 mg/mL) in drinking water for 24 days	Female C57BL/6J (N = 5/group)	Grape powder reduced the extent of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).	35
Grape powder (3.0%) in high-fat diet for 18 weeks	C57BL/6J obese mice (N = 10/group)	Grape powder improved glucose tolerance at 5 weeks and decreased markers of inflammation in serum and adipose tissue at 18 weeks.	36
Grape powder (1.0%) in NIH-31 diet for ~ 20 weeks	Non-obese diabetic mice (N = 15/group)	Grape powder inhibited the onset and pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes.	37
Grape powder (30 mg) daily for 10 weeks	Apolipoprotein E–deficient (E0) mice (N = 10/group)	Grape powder attenuated atherosclerosis development and reduced macrophage atherogenicity.	38
AIN93M diet with 25% freeze-dried grape powder or control diet for 8 weeks.	Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 22/group)	Grape powder was suggested to improve calcium utilization and suppress bone turnover, resulting in improvements in bone quality	39
Grape powder (5 or 50 g/kg diet) for 2 months	Mongolian gerbils (N = 11/group)	Grape powder protected against neuronal damage due to cerebral ischemia.	40
Treated by gavage with 10 mL suspension of grape powder (40 mg/mL)	Male New Zealand White rabbits (N = 4/group)	Grape powder was found to protect the bladder from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which is a causal factor in obstructive bladder dysfunction.	41

DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; SPS, single-prolonged stress