Table 1.
Cohort Baseline Characteristics
| Baseline Status Stratified by 90-Day Outcome Status
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort (n=27,305) | Successful Community Discharge (n=3,823) | Community Discharge (n=1,982) | In a Healthcare Institution (n=14,898) | Died (n=6,602) | P-Value | |
| SocioDemographics | ||||||
| Age | 84.9(5.5) | 83.9(5.2) | 84.4(5.4) | 84.8(5.5) | 85.6(5.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 70.8% | 77.4% | 69.3% | 74.3% | 59.5% | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 94.0% | 94.6% | 93.6% | 93.5% | 95.0% | <0.001 |
| Black | 3.9% | 3.3% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 3.3% | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | <0.05 |
| Other Race | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | NS |
| Lived Alone Prior to SNF Admission | 21.0% | 26.2% | 23.4% | 20.4% | 18.7% | <0.001 |
| Baseline status from MDS prior to hip fracture | ||||||
| Receipt of Rehabilitation during Index SNF stay | ||||||
| Any Rehabilitation | 86.4% | 91.2% | 89.8% | 85.9% | 83.9% | <0.001 |
| Occupational Therapy | 74.1% | 80.7% | 78.0% | 73.5% | 70.5% | <0.001 |
| Physical Therapy | 83.1% | 88.9% | 86.8% | 82.3% | 80.4% | <0.001 |
| Speech Therapy | 21.0% | 16.6% | 18.0% | 22.0% | 22.3% | <0.001 |
| Functional and Medical Status | ||||||
| ADL status (0–28 point scale) | 15.0(5.9) | 14.3(5.7) | 14.7(5.8) | 15.0(5.9) | 15.5(5.9) | <0.001 |
| Gait instability | 51.7% | 50.7% | 50.9% | 51.3% | 53.5% | <0.05 |
| History of falls in last 30 days | 53.3% | 53.3% | 52.8% | 52.8% | 54.4% | NS |
| Medical Conditions indicated on MDS | ||||||
| Diabetes | 21.4% | 19.4% | 19.9% | 22.0% | 21.8% | <0.01 |
| Arthritis | 12.8% | 14.2% | 12.5% | 13.0% | 11.5% | <0.001 |
| Cerebral Vascular Accident | 17.5% | 14.9% | 15.2% | 19.0% | 16.3% | <0.001 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 3.1% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 2.7% | <0.001 |
| Depression | 30.4% | 27.8% | 29.7% | 32.1% | 28.3% | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 15.5% | 10.2% | 13.3% | 16.3% | 17.1% | <0.001 |
| Urinary Tract Infection | 21.4% | 20.6% | 19.0% | 22.3% | 20.4% | <0.001 |
| Bowel Incontinence | 15.4% | 9.9% | 14.1% | 16.3% | 17.1% | <0.001 |
| Urinary Incontinence | 15.6% | 9.9% | 13.4% | 16.7% | 17.1% | <0.001 |
| Presence of a pressure ulcer | 19.7% | 17.0% | 19.9% | 18.6% | 23.5% | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||||
| # of Medications | 9.7(4.3) | 10.0(4.5) | 10.1(4.4) | 9.5(4.3) | 9.8(4.3) | <0.001 |
| Anti-Psychotics | 19.1% | 10.7% | 16.5% | 20.5% | 21.7% | <0.001 |
| Anti-anxiety | 20.2% | 18.4% | 18.8% | 20.1% | 22.1% | <0.001 |
| Anti-depressants | 39.6% | 36.5% | 38.4% | 41.4% | 37.5% | <0.001 |
| Hypnotics | 1.5% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.6% | <0.001 |
| Symptoms in last 7 days | ||||||
| Dizziness | 1.7% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 1.6% | <0.01 |
| Syncope | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | NS |
| Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) | ||||||
| Low CPS (1–2) | 51.1% | 70.0% | 59.0% | 48.2% | 44.3% | <0.001 |
| Moderate CPS (3–4) | 41.1% | 26.0% | 35.0% | 43.7% | 45.9% | <0.001 |
| High CPS (5–6) | 7.8% | 4.0% | 6.1% | 8.2% | 9.8% | <0.001 |
| Hip Fracture Hospital Stay Characteristics | ||||||
| ICU utilization | 20.1% | 16.2% | 20.4% | 17.0% | 29.1% | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser score | 2.7(1.4) | 2.6(1.4) | 2.7(1.3) | 2.6(1.3) | 2.9(1.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospital Length of Stay | 6.8(4.7) | 6.4(4.7) | 6.8(5.1) | 6.4(4.0) | 7.9(5.8) | <0.001 |
| Hospital Complications | 8.8% | 7.0% | 8.4% | 6.9% | 14.4% | <0.001 |
| Petrotrochanteric Fracture | 50.2% | 41.7% | 46.7% | 52.2% | 51.5% | <0.001 |
Note: ADL= activities of daily living with lower score indicating greater independence, ICU= intensive care unit, P-values indicated significant differences across the four outcomes for each independent variable. To examine differences in patient characteristics among the four outcomes a chi square test was used for categorical variables and ANOVA was used for continuous variables.