Table 2.

Clinical studies of diffusion kurtosis imaging in prostate cancer

Ref.	No. of patients	Pathologic reference	b-values (s/mm2)	MR parameters	Quantitative parameters1	Significance
Quentin et al[14]	31	Biopsy	0, 300, 600, 1000	3.0 T; TR/TE: 1700/101 ms; FOV: 204 × 204 mm; Matrix: 136 × 136; slice thickness: 6 mm; iPAT factor, 2; 4 averages	Kaxial, PCa: 1.78 ± 0.39 Kaxial, TZ: 1.40 ± 0.12 Kaxial, PZ: 1.09 ± 0.12	DKI better fit than monoexponential; Difference for K between PCa and normal TZ/PZ is significant
Rosenkrantz et al[16]	47	Biopsy	0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000	3.0 T; TR/TE: 3500/81 ms; FOV: 280 mm × 218 mm; Matrix: 100 × 100; slice thickness: 4 mm; iPAT factor, 2; 6 averages	K, high GS: 1.05 ± 0.26 K, low GS: 0.89 ± 0.20 K, PZ: 0.57 ± 0.07	Significant difference between K in high GS vs low GS sextants; K found to have better sensitivity, AUC than ADC or D for PCa
Suo et al[17]	19	RP	0, 500, 800, 1200, 1500, 2000	3.0 T; TR/TE: 3940/106 ms; FOV: 280 mm × 280 mm; Matrix: 128 × 128; slice thickness/gap: 3/1 mm; 4 averages	K, PCa: 0.96 ± 0.20 K, PZ: 0.59 ± 0.08	Significant difference for K between PCa and normal PZ; GS correlates significantly with K
Tamura et al[18]	20	RP	0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 1500	3.0 T; TR/TE: 5000/49 ms; FOV: 240 × 240 mm; Matrix: 80 × 80; slice thickness/gap: 3.5/0.1 mm; iPAT factor, 2; NEX = 2	K, PCa: 1.19 ± 0.24 K, BPH: 0.99 ± 0.28 K, PZ: 0.63 ± 0.23	Significant difference for K between PCa and normal PZ but marked overlap for K between PCa and BPH

¹Values are mean ± SD [K: Kurtosis parameter (unitless); K_axial: Axial kurtosis (unitless)]. AUC: Area under curve; BPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; DKI: Diffusional kurtosis imaging; FOV: Field of view; GS: Gleason score; iPAT: Integrated parallel acquisition techniques; MR: Magnetic resonance; NEX: Number of excitations; PCa: Prostate cancer; PZ: Peripheral zone; RP: Radical prostatectomy; T: Tesla; TE: Time of echo; TR: Time of repetition; TZ: Transitional zone.