Table 3.
Ratings for behavioral cues to deception as a function of interview type and veracity.
| Truth tellers |
Liars |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sequential |
Reverse |
Sequential |
Reverse |
|||||||||
| Behavioral cues of deception | M | SD | M | SD | p | d | M | SD | M | SD | p | d |
| Cognitive demand | 3.82 | 1.32 | 4.58 | 1.29 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 3.31 | 1.22 | 3.36 | 1.2 | 0.776 | 0.04 |
| How hard does the interviewee appear to be thinking?* | 4.1 | 1.53 | 5.06 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 3.57 | 1.58 | 3.79 | 1.47 | 0.314 | 0.14 |
| How much difficulty does the interviewee appear to be having in answering the questions? | 3.96 | 1.78 | 4.81 | 1.71 | 0.002 | 0.46 | 3.31 | 1.67 | 3.46 | 1.61 | 0.537 | 0.09 |
| How distracted does the interviewee appear? | 3.38 | 1.65 | 3.88 | 1.84 | 0.039 | 0.29 | 3.04 | 1.77 | 2.83 | 1.5 | 0.382 | 0.13 |
| Anxiousness | 3.71 | 1.38 | 4.34 | 1.57 | 0.007 | 0.43 | 3.28 | 1.54 | 3.24 | 1.35 | 0.852 | 0.03 |
| How anxious does the interviewee appear? | 4.13 | 1.6 | 4.63 | 1.63 | 0.058 | 0.31 | 3.23 | 1.67 | 3.27 | 1.5 | 0.847 | 0.03 |
| How much does the interviewee appear to fidget? | 3.29 | 1.68 | 4.05 | 1.84 | 0.005 | 0.43 | 3.33 | 1.66 | 3.2 | 1.57 | 0.603 | 0.08 |
| Confident and convincing appearance | 3.59 | 1.21 | 3.24 | 1.34 | 0.071 | 0.27 | 4.14 | 1.38 | 3.87 | 1.28 | 0.195 | 0.2 |
| How detailed are the interviewee’s responses? | 4.1 | 1.5 | 3.62 | 1.76 | 0.049 | 0.29 | 4.31 | 1.64 | 3.62 | 1.64 | 0.01 | 0.42 |
| How spontaneous is the interviewee? | 3.25 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.57 | 0.797 | 0.03 | 3.82 | 1.63 | 3.79 | 1.5 | 0.868 | 0.02 |
| How confident does the interviewee appear? | 3.25 | 1.61 | 2.83 | 1.57 | 0.1 | 0.26 | 4.27 | 1.65 | 3.92 | 1.72 | 0.171 | 0.21 |
| How convincing is the interviewee? | 3.77 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 1.68 | 0.023 | 0.34 | 4.15 | 1.83 | 4.17 | 1.54 | 0.965 | 0.01 |
| Controlling | ||||||||||||
| How controlled is the interviewee’s posture? | 4.06 | 1.65 | 3.95 | 1.63 | 0.684 | 0.07 | 4.45 | 1.43 | 4.05 | 1.54 | 0.102 | 0.27 |
*There were 84 observers in total. However, there was one missing response to the “Thinking Hard” item (for truth tellers only) and “Difficulty” item (for liars only).