Table 3.
OLS regression results by two-parent family type, PPVT
| Married Biological- Father Families |
Cohabiting Biological- Father Families |
Married Stepfather Families |
Cohabiting Stepfather Families |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family income: | ||||
| Income (ln) | 0.12*** (0.04) | 0.07+ (0.04) | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.06+ (0.04) |
| Parental relationship quality: | ||||
| BF/SF treatment of mother (standardized) | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.47 (0.28) | −0.05 (0.08) |
| Coparenting quality (standardized) | −0.11** (0.04) | 0.00a (0.06) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.06) |
| Parenting quality: | ||||
| Mother spanking frequency (standardized) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.13) | −0.03 (0.06) |
| Mother engagement with child (standardized) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.09 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.06) |
| BF/SF spanking frequency (standardized) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.15) | −0.05 (0.09) |
| BF/SF engagement with child (standardized) | −0.00 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.14) | −0.09 (0.06) |
| Constant | −1.71*** (0.45) | −1.11* (0.52) | −1.53 (1.43) | −1.33* (0.61) |
| Percent of total sample | 48% | 24% | 6% | 22% |
| Observations per imputed dataset | 645 – 646 | 321 – 322 | 80 – 81 | 295 – 296 |
Note: 1341 – 1343observations per imputed dataset. Coefficients (and standard errors) presented. Outcome has been standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 in the full sample. The models also control for the family characteristics listed in Table 1.
a
Differs from married biological-father families at p<0.05.
b
Differs from cohabiting biological-father families at p<0. 05.
c
Differs from married stepfather families at p<0.05.