Table 4.
OLS regression results by two-parent family type, internalizing behavior problems
| Married Biological- Father Families |
Cohabiting Biological- Father Families |
Married Stepfather Families |
Cohabiting Stepfather Families |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family income: | ||||
| Income (ln) | −0.06+ (0.03) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.18+ (0.10) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| Parental relationships quality: | ||||
| BF/SF treatment of mother (standardized) | −0.18*** (0.04) | −0.17** (0.05) | −0.41+ (0.21) | −0.23* (0.08) |
| Coparenting quality (standardized) | −0.07+ (0.04) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.39*b (0.16) | −0.05 (0.06) |
| Parenting quality: | ||||
| Mother spanking frequency (standardized) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.14* (0.06) |
| Mother engagement with child (standardized) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.13+ (0.07) | −0.07 (0.11) | −0.07 (0.06) |
| BF/SF spanking frequency (standardized) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.15) | −0.01 (0.09) |
| BF/SF engagement with child (standardized) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.12+ (0.07) |
| Constant | 0.95* (0.42) | 0.72 (0.54) | 4.91*** (1.28) | 0.23 (0.57) |
| Percent of total sample | 51% | 22% | 6% | 21% |
| Observations per imputed dataset | 898 – 900 | 379 – 380 | 111 – 112 | 361 – 364 |
Note: 1749 – 1753observations per imputed dataset. Coefficients (and standard errors) presented. Outcome has been standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 in the full sample. The models also control for the family characteristics listed in Table 1.
a
Differs from married biological-father families at p<0.05.
b
Differs from cohabiting biological-father families at p<0. 05.
c
Differs from married stepfather families at p<0.05.