Figure 2.

The percentages of queen cells that were capped and queens that emerged when larvae from open foraging (“outside”) colonies were reared as queens in outside colonies or in hives in an enclosed flight area that were fed pollen with chlorpyrifos alone (pollen-1) or with added Pristine^® fungicide (pollen-2). Percentages of capped queen cells and emerged queens in outside colonies were significantly higher than when the larvae were reared as queens in colonies fed pollen-1 (55% survival to capped stage; X² = 12.3, p < 0.0001 and 40% emergence; X² = 21.0, p ≤ 0.0001 ) or pollen-2 (76% survival to capped stage X² = 4.03, p = 0.046; and 51.8% emergence X² = 13.1, p < 0.0001). The percentage of larvae from outside colonies that survived to the capped brood stage in colonies fed pollen-2 was greater than in pollen-1 (76% and 55% respectively; X² = 4.55, p = 0.03). The percentages that emerged as queens however, did not differ (pollen-1 = 40%, pollen-2 = 51.8%; X² = 1.29, p = 0.255).