Figure 3.

The percentage of queen cells that were capped and had emerged queens when larvae were grafted from colonies in an enclosed flight area (EFA) that were fed pollen with chlorpyrifos alone (Pollen-1), or with chlorpyrifos and Pristine^® fungicide (Pollen-2). The larvae were reared into queens in the colonies fed pollen-1 or 2 or in open foraging colonies outside the EFA (Outside). Percentages of larvae grafted from colonies fed pollen-1 that survived to the capped stage did not differ between those reared in colonies fed pollen-1 (57.9%) or in outside colonies (75%) (X² = 1.65, p = 0.198). The percent that emerged also did not differ (X² = 0.55, p = 0.457). Significantly fewer larvae from colonies fed pollen-2 and reared in those colonies survived to the capped stage (X² = 13.54, p < 0.0001) and emerged as queens compared with those reared in outside colonies (X² = 4.21, p = 0.04). More larvae survived to the capped brood stage and emerged as queens when grafted from and reared in colonies fed pollen-1 compared with pollen-2 (capped brood: X² = 13.6, p < 0.0001; emerged queens: X² = 10.0, p = 0.002).