Table 2.
Toxicity of Pinus densiflora hydrodistillate (PD-HD), 19 PD-HD constituents, 28 structurally related compounds and two commercially available synthetic larvicides against early third-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti and Cx. p. pallens after 24 h exposure.
| Compound | LC50 (Ae. albopictus), mg/L (95% CL a) | LC50 (Ae. aegypti), mg/L (95% CL a) | LC50 (Cx p. pallens), mg/L (95% CL a) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PD-HD | 20.33 (16.49–24.72) | 21.01 (17.24–25.31) | 22.36 (18.33–27.04) |
| α-humulene | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| α-terpinene | 21.88 (18.29–26.24) | 24.85 (20.96–29.18) | 23.87 (19.63–29.20) |
| Carveol | 121.22 (106.48–143.40) | 123.97 (111.02–142.51) | 113.58 (101.09–129.69) |
| Nerol | 111.59 (96.03–133.34) | 120.83 (104.33–147.41) | 111.48 (97.78–129.50) |
| (S)-(+)-carvone | 43.83 (41.78–45.91) | 42.14 (39.62–44.62) | 46.19 (43.54–49.12) |
| (+)-β-citronellol | 90.89 (83.26–99.00) | 93.46 (85.80–101.82) | 87.81 (80.62–95.50) |
| (−)-β-citronellol | 71.99 (64.67–80.37) | 75.31 (68.31–83.22) | 66.26 (59.63–73.33) |
| (+)-citronellal | 46.39 (41.08–52.95) | 48.23 (42.42–55.64) | 49.47 (43.52–57.04) |
| (−)-citronellal | 41.06 (38.44–43.59) | 37.46 (34.19–40.50) | 41.90 (39.07–44.69) |
| (−)-myrtenal | 137.86 (119.15–173.91) | >150 | 139.61 (122.92–169.77) |
| (−)-cis-myrtanol | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| (−)-myrtenol | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| Carvacrol | 95.05 (77.66–120.51) | 101.06 (84.95–124.54) | 91.93 (75.83–114.29) |
| (−)-verbenone | 89.39 (82.78–96.07) | 96.78 (89.76–104.20) | 89.07 (82.69–95.50) |
| (S)-cis-verbenol | 136.86 (121.92–161.87) | >150 | 140.41 (124.89–167.57) |
| o-cymene | 48.57 (42.14–55.77) | 39.60 (33.25–46.71) | 47.78 (40.96–55.39) |
| m-cymene | 62.05 (54.45–70.02) | 69.70 (61.83–78.37) | 59.35 (52.20–66.67) |
| Aromadendrene | 129.21 (118.02–145.97) | >150 | 147.91 (127.93–188.26) |
| Borneol | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| Bornyl acetate | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| Camphene | 79.09 (68.89–90.41) | 72.92 (65.75–80.81) | 80.06 (72.21–88.87) |
| Camphor | >150 | >150 | >150 |
| δ-3-carene | 9.33 (8.27–10.38) | 12.10 (10.36–13.81) | 10.11 (8.72–11.74) |
| β-caryophyllene | 39.52 (36.51–42.85) | 38.58 (36.17–41.09) | 47.79 (41.47–54.25) |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 107.62 (99.82–116.81) | 113.00 (104.54–123.59) | 126.28 (110.92–158.13) |
| 1,8-cineole | 73.50 (69.80–77.70) | 73.30 (68.56–77.97) | 72.88 (68.99–76.68) |
| Citral | 41.63 (38.71–44.48) | 49.19 (45.19–54.06) | 47.80 (43.91–51.84) |
| p-cymene | 32.83 (28.23–38.63) | 33.46 (29.27–37.78) | 29.66 (25.22–34.29) |
| Geraniol | 68.17 (64.13–72.27) | 73.44 (68.48–78.23) | 56.96 (51.05–63.85) |
| Geranyl acetate | 33.01 (30.60–35.49) | 21.39 (17.37–25.63) | 30.33 (27.17–33.83) |
| (+)-limonene | 10.77 (9.80–11.87) | 15.31 (12.69–18.51) | 10.76 (9.27–12.54) |
| Linalool | 129.04 (117.54–146.31) | 113.47 (101.40–128.73) | 144.16 (123.66–186.95) |
| Linanyl acetate | 98.12 (91.30–105.44) | 97.76 (90.78–106.32) | 96.96 (89.59–104.00) |
| Menthol | 69.61 (64.26–74.80) | 81.20 (75.05–87.04) | 67.26 (59.30–74.32) |
| Myrcene | 35.98 (30.30–42.14) | 39.51 (32.70–46.68) | 41.31 (37.50–45.37) |
| α-phellandrene | 16.86 (14.43–19.69) | 19.35 (16.31–22.66) | 14.04 (12.09–16.50) |
| (1R)-(+)-α-pinene | 55.65 (52.49–59.18) | 51.28 (46.32–56.56) | 60.84 (58.55–63.28) |
| (1S)-(−)-α-pinene | 28.61 (26.09–31.65) | 39.98 (34.62–46.52) | 31.98 (28.39–35.68) |
| (1R)-(+)-β-pinene | 23.44 (19.88–27.27) | 24.06 (20.61–27.80) | 24.02 (20.11–28.36) |
| (1S)-(−)-β-pinene | 15.35 (12.76–18.15) | 17.33 (14.35–20.50) | 16.17 (13.26–19.75) |
| γ-terpinene | 16.25 (12.49–20.32) | 20.48 (16.63–24.64) | 17.75 (13.89–22.21) |
| α-terpineol | 131.79 (120.10–149.75) | >150 | 106.32 (97.22–115.84) |
| (+)-terpinen-4-ol | 98.28 (91.85–105.07) | 78.73 (71.24–85.73) | 86.25 (78.22–95.55) |
| (−)-terpinen-4-ol | 92.16 (84.28–101.24) | 72.36 (66.33–78.22) | 85.66 (75.71–97.28) |
| α-terpinolene | 13.86 (11.31–16.58) | 15.32 (12.67–18.19) | 10.62 (8.24–13.58) |
| Terpinyl acetate | 72.39 (65.05–80.55) | 96.32 (89.89–103.04) | 58.27 (52.60–64.82) |
| Thymol | 11.45 (10.12–12.80) | 11.72 (9.77–13.87) | 10.79 (9.50–12.31) |
| Temephos b | 0.010 (0.009–0.011) | 0.015 (0.013–0.018) | 0.013 (0.010–0.016) |
| Fenthion b | 0.012 (0.010–0.015) | 0.022 (0.019–0.024) | 0.027 (0.023–0.031) |
a Confidence limit. b Commercially available synthetic larvicides.