Table 1.

Overview of the classic symbiont-induced phenotypes with responsible microbes and examples of known insect and arachnid host taxa in which they occur.

Phenotype		Symbiont		Host taxa (references)
Male-killing
		Wolbachia		Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Hypolimnas bolina [30], Acraea encedon [33]
				Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae: Cordylochernes scorpioides [34]
				Araneae: Linyphiidae: Oedothorax gibbosus [35]
		Rickettsia		Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Brachys tessellates [36]
				Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata [37], Adalia decempunctata [38]
		Spiroplasma ixodetis		Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata [39], Anisosticta novemdecimpunctata [40], Harmonia axyridis [41]
				Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danaus chrysippus [42]
		S. poulsonii		Diptera: Drosophilidae: Drosophila willistoni group [43]
		Arsenophonus nasoniae		Hymenoptera: Pteromelidae: Nasonia vitripennis [44]
		Flavobacterium sp.		Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Coleomegilla maculata [45], Adonia variegata [46]
Feminization
		Wolbachia:		Isopoda: Armidillidiidae: Armadillidium nasatum [47], A. vulgare [48] Lepidoptera: Pieridae Eurema hecabe [49]
		Cardinium		Acari: Tenuipalpidae: Brevipalpus spp. [50,51]
Parthenogenesis
		Wolbachia		Hymenoptera: Pteromelidae: Trichogramma spp. [48,51], Muscidifurax uniraptor [53]
				Hymenoptera: Scelionidae Telenomus nawai [54]
				Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Apoanagyrus diversicornis [55]
				Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae: Leptopilina australis [56]
				Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Aphytis disapidis and A. lingnanesis, Encarsia formosa [57]
		Cardinium		Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia ssp [58,59]
				Hemiptera: Diaspididae: Aspidiotus nerii [60]
		Rickettsia		Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Neochrysocharis Formosa [61]
CI
		Wolbachia:		Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tribolium confusum [62]
				Diptera: Culicidae: Culex pipiens [63]
		Cardinium		Acari: Tetranychidae: Eotetranychus suginamensis [64] and Bryobia sarothamni [65]
				Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae: Encarsia pergendiella [66]