Reproduction |
|
|
|
Female fecundity |
Infection decreases offspring number |
Wolbachia |
Tribolium confusum [67] |
Female fecundity |
Infection increases fecundity |
Cardinium |
Metaseiulus occidentalis [68] |
“ |
“ |
Wolbachia |
Trichogramma bourarachae [69] |
“ |
“ |
Wolbachia |
Aedes albopictus [70] |
Fertilization |
No participation of sperm in reproduction of infected females |
Wolbachia |
Telenomus nawai [54] |
Microbe necessary for host oogenesis |
Bacterium influences programmed cell death processes, so presence is essential for maturation of host oocytes |
Wolbachia |
Parasitoid wasp Asobara tabida [12] |
“ |
Females treated with tetracycline or rifampicin have significantly reduced number of mature eggs in their ovaries |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila paulistorum [71] |
Male fertility |
Infection increases fertility |
Wolbachia |
Tribolium confusum [67] |
Sperm competitive ability |
Infection leads to reduced sperm competition success |
Wolbachia
|
Drosophila simulans [72] |
Immunity |
|
|
|
Resistance (fungus) |
Infected females are more resistant to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
|
Wolbachia |
Drosophila melanogaster [73] |
Resistance (viruses) |
Infection induces resistance to Dengue virus and infected mosquitoes are less likely to transmit the disease |
Wolbachia |
Aedes aegypti [74] |
“ |
Infection increases host resistance to Drosophila C virus (DCV) |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila melanogaster [74] |
“ |
Infected individuals more resistant to mortality induced by the viruses DCV, cricket paralysis virus, Flock House virus |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila melanogaster [75] |
“ |
Antiviral protection occurs in some yet not all fly line-Wolbachia strain combinations assessed |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila simulans [77] |
Fitness |
|
|
|
Survival |
Infection increases longevity |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila melanogaster [78], |
|
|
|
Aedes albopictus [70] |
Nutritional mutualism |
Infections required for host function, probably via provision of B vitamins missing in the diet the blood-feeding host |
Riesia sp. (‘biologically highly derived species of Arsenophonus’ [79]) |
Pediculus and Pthirus species of lice [80,81] |
“ |
Symbiont has essential nutritional role for the host (B vitamins) |
Wolbachia |
Cimex lectularius [82] |
Metabolic provisioning |
Benefit apparent under nutritional stress: if flies reared on poor diets, infected flies produce more eggs than uninfected flies |
Wolbachia |
Drosophila melanogaster [83] |
Thermotolerance |
When compared to uninfected population, infected population had significantly increased tolerance to heat shock that reached 40 °C |
Rickettsia |
Bemisia tabaci [84] |
Protection against parasitoid |
Infection enhances survival of individuals attacked by parasitic wasp (i.e., possible defensive mutualism) |
Spiroplasma |
Drosophila hydei [85] |
Susceptibilityto insecticides |
Infected individuals more susceptible |
Rickettsia |
Bemisia tabaci [86] |
Susceptibilityto insecticides |
Infected individuals more susceptible |
double infections Rickettsia—Arsenophonus & Wolbachia—Arsenophonus
|
Bemisia tabaci [85,86] |