Figure 3.

(a) Following preliminary balloon angioplasty, restoration of the antegrade venous flow was observed on a left external carotid angiogram. (b) Subsequent balloon angioplasty with a peripheral balloon catheter achieved a further improvement in the antegrade venous flow; however, the retrograde sinus flow persisted. (c) Next, a self-expanding stent was successfully deployed, and the retrograde venous flow completely disappeared; the Cognard Type IV dural arteriovenous fistula was converted to a Type I