Table 1.

Mexican Immigrant Mothers’ Life Circumstances and Learning-Focused Parenting Behaviors (N = 816)

Variables	M	SD	%
In 1998 (Fall of Kindergarten)
Educational attainment a	10.02	2.45
Family income b	5.21	2.61
Household size	5.29	1.61
In paid labor force			49.88
Married to child’s father			78.55
Language status (interviewed in Spanish)			83.40
Between 1998 and 2002 (Fall-K through 3rd Grade)
Increase in years of education a	.69	1.56
Earned new degree			16.30
Enrolled in educational system			9.19
Enrolled in job training			5.39
Change in family income b	.16	2.06
Change in household size	.10	1.24
Entered labor force/increased work hours			21.69
Experienced marital transition			6.75
Changed language status (to English)			4.41
In 1998/1999 (Fall/Spring of Kindergarten)
School involvement (1999)	2.80	1.59
Home learning activities (1998) c	2.39	.59
Frequency of reading (1998) c	2.80	.85
Between 1998/1999 and 2002 (Fall/Spring-K through 3rd Grade)
Change in school involvement (1999–2002)	.46	2.03
Change in home learning activities (1998–2002)	−.04	.63
Change in frequency of reading (1998–2002)	.37	1.17

^aEducational measure in years of completed schooling.

^bIncome measures has 13 categories, 1 (less than $5000) to 13 (greater than $200,000).

^cHome learning/reading activities measured from 1 (not at all in typical week) to 4 (everyday).