Table 2.
Multilevel Models for Effects of Parental Income and Education on Support to Each Child and Coresidence
| Model variables | Overall supporta |
Technical supporta |
Listening to talk about daily lifea |
Financial supporta |
Amount of financial supportb |
Coresidencec | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 8.17*** | 0.60 | 3.11*** | 0.79 | 8.65*** | 0.78 | 8.65*** | 0.84 | 3.55*** | 0.44) | 4.28*** | 0.94 |
| Parent incomed | 0.09* | 0.04 | 0.11* | 0.06 | 0.15** | 0.05 | 0.24*** | 0.06 | 0.24*** | 0.03) | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Parent years of education | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.11** | 0.04 | 0.09*** | 0.02) | −0.13** | 0.04 |
| Control variables | ||||||||||||
| Parent gendere | −0.22* | 0.10 | 0.79*** | 0.13 | −0.75*** | 0.13 | −0.07 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.07) | −0.25 | 0.16 |
| Parent age | −0.08*** | 0.01 | −0.05*** | 0.01 | −0.05*** | 0.01 | −0.14*** | 0.01 | −0.06*** | 0.01) | −0.08*** | 0.02 |
| Parent minority statusf | −0.21 | 0.12 | 0.43** | 0.15 | −0.52*** | 0.15 | −0.16 | 0.16 | −0.20* | 0.08) | −0.39* | 0.18 |
| Offspring gendere | −0.28*** | 0.07 | −0.06 | 0.07 | −0.42*** | 0.10 | −0.13 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.06) | 0.37* | 0.15 |
| Random effects | ||||||||||||
| Intercept variance | 0.81*** | 0.09 | 1.99*** | 0.16 | 1.22*** | 0.14 | 1.68*** | 0.18 | 0.36*** | 0.05) | ||
| Residual variance | 1.37*** | 0.07 | 1.12*** | 0.06 | 2.54*** | 0.13 | 2.48*** | 0.13 | 0.87*** | 0.04) | 0.43* | 0.18 |
| −2 log likelihood | 4,655.8 | 4,820.8 | 5,408.9 | 5,483.1 | 3,926.3 | 5,342.0 | ||||||
Note. Six models showing significant effects of parental income and/or education are presented here. There were no significant differences by income and/or education for emotional support, practical support, companionship, advice, and child care.
Coded 1 = less than once a year or not at all, 2 = once a year, 3 = a few times a year, 4 = monthly, 5 = a few times a month, 6 = weekly, 7 = a few times a week, and 8 = daily.
Coded 1 = less than $100, 2 = $101–$500, 3 = $501–$1,000, and 4 = more than $1,000.
1 = living in the same household and 0 = living in separate households.
Household income in 2007; 1 = less than $10,000, 2 = $10,001–$25,000, 3 = $25,001–$40,000, 4 = $40,001–$75,000, 5 = $75,001–$100,000, and 6 = more than $100,000.
1 = male and 0 = female.
1 = racial minority and 0 = non-Hispanic White; a multilevel logistic model was estimated.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.