Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of diabetes according to resting heart rate quintiles in the Kailuan study, China, 2006–07
| Total diabetes | Quintiles of heart rate |
Each 10 b/m increment | P-trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| Resting heart rate, median, b/m | 61 | 70 | 72 | 78 | 88a | ||
| Number of cases | 690 | 988 | 718 | 1227 | 1026 | ||
| Crude incidence/100 000 person-years | 1059 | 1208 | 1385 | 1506 | 1943 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.22(1.11,1.35) | 1.34 (1.21, 1.49) | 1.47 (1.33, 1.61) | 2.01 (1.82, 2.21) | 1.29(1.25,1.34) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.18(1.07–1.30) | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | 1.40 (1.28–1.54) | 1.96 (1.78–2.16) | 1.29(1.24,1.33) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3 (overall) | 1 | 1.12(1.02–1.24) | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) | 1.32 (1.20–1.45) | 1.73 (1.57–1.91) | 1.23(1.19,1.27) | <0.0001 |
| Men | 1 | 1.14(1.03–1.27) | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.33 (1.20–1.47) | 1.76 (1.58–1.95) | 1.19(1.09,1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Women | 1 | 1.07(0.83–1.38) | 1.42 (1.10–1.84) | 1.29 (1.00–1.65) | 1.62 (1.25–2.11) | 1.24(1.19,1.28) | 0.0001 |
| Sensitivity analyses | |||||||
| Model 4 | 1 | 1.17(1.01–1.34) | 1.26 (1.08–1.46) | 1.39 (1.21–1.59) | 1.84 (1.59–2.12) | 1.25(1.19,1.32) | <0.0001 |
| Model 5 | 1 | 1.14(1.00–1.29) | 1.34 (1.17–1.53) | 1.30 (1.15–1.47) | 1.68 (1.48–1.91) | 1.21(1.15,1.26) | <0.0001 |
Model 1: Adjusted for age (years) and sex.
Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 and further adjusted for BMI (kg/m2).
Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 and further adjusted for smoking status (never, past smoker, current smoker 1–19 cigarettes/day or current smoker 20+ cigarettes/day), alcohol drinking status (never, past drinker, current drinker <1 time/day or current drinker 1+ times/day), education (illiteracy/primary, high school or college or above), physical activity (never, 1–3 times/week, or 4+ times/week), occupation (white-collar workers, coal miners, blue-collar workers except coal miners), presence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, plasma concentration of CRP, family history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and menopausal status (yes/no, for women only).
Model 4: Adjusted for model 3 and further excluded individuals with hypertension.
Model 5: Adjusted for model 3 and further excluded individuals who were coal miners.
Q, quintile; CRP, C-reactive protein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; TG, triglyceride.
aRange of the top heart rate quintile was 81–180.