Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) according to resting heart rate quintiles in the Kailuan study, China, 2006–07
| IFG | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Each 10 b/m increment | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting heart rate, median, b/m | 61 | 70 | 72 | 78 | 88a | ||
| Number of subjects | 11 408 | 14 106 | 8843 | 9116 | 12 615 | ||
| Number of cases | 3250 | 4204 | 2660 | 2931 | 4418 | ||
| Crude incidence/100 000 person-years | 6819 | 7267 | 7361 | 7973 | 9158 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.39 (1.33–1.46) | 1.13(1.11,1.15) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | 1.38 (1.32–1.44) | 1.13(1.11,1.15) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3 (overall) | 1 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 1.33 (1.27–1.39) | 1.11(1.09,1.13) | <0.0001 |
| Men | 1 | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | 1.32 (1.25–1.39) | 1.11(1.09,1.13) | <0.0001 |
| Women | 1 | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.27 (1.13–1.43) | 1.35 (1.21–1.51) | 1.12(1.08,1.17) | <0.0001 |
| Sensitivity analyses | |||||||
| Model 4 | 1 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) | 1.40 (1.32–1.49) | 1.13(1.11,1.16) | <0.0001 |
| Model 5 | 1 | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | 1.35 (1.28–1.44) | 1.12(1.10,1.14) | <0.0001 |
Model 1: Adjusted for age (years) and sex.
Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 and further adjusted for BMI (kg/m2).
Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 and further adjusted for smoking status (never, past smoker, current smoker 1–19 cigarettes/day or current smoker 20+ cigarettes/day), alcohol drinking status (never, past drinker, current drinker <1 time/day or current drinker 1+ times/day), education (illiteracy/primary, high school or college or above), physical activity (never, 1–3 times/week, or 4+ times/week), occupation (white-collar workers, coal-miners, blue-collar workers except coal-miners), presence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia, plasma concentration of CRP, family history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and menopausal status (yes/no, for women only).
Model 4: Adjusted for model 3 and further excluded individuals with hypertension.
Model 5: Adjusted for model 3 and further excluded individuals who were coal miners.
Q, quintile; CRP, C-reactive protein; TG, triglyceride; b/m, beats per min.
aRange of the top heart rate quintile was 81–180.