Table 2.
Adjusted Means (95% Confidence Interval) of Sleep Staging Parameters by Mental Health Status
| Neither depressive nor anxiety symptoms (DEP−/ANX−) | p Value | Depressive symptoms only (DEP+) | p Value | Anxiety symptoms only (ANX+) | p Value | Both depressive and anxiety symptoms (DEP+/ANX+) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep measures (%) | ||||||||
| % time Stage 1 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 6.81 (6.65, 6.98) | Reference | 6.26 (5.40, 7.13) | .2219 | 6.93 (6.27, 7.58) | .7426 | 7.29 (6.40, 8.18) | .2974 |
| Model 2 | 6.82 (6.65, 6.98) | Reference | 6.10 (5.23, 6.97) | .2219 | 6.97 (6.32, 7.63) | .6549 | 7.28 (6.36, 8.20) | .3389 |
| Model 3 | 6.81 (6.65, 6.97) | Reference | 6.10 (5.26, 6.93) | .1008 | 6.91 (6.28, 7.54) | .7629 | 7.18 (6.30, 8.07) | .423 |
| % time Stage 2 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 62.47 (62.10, 62.85) | Reference | 65.42 (63.49, 67.36) | .003 | 63.00 (61.54, 64.46) | .4932 | 63.75 (61.76, 65.74) | .2164 |
| Model 2 | 62.56 (62.19, 62.93) | Reference | 65.08 (63.15, 67.01) | .012 | 62.36 (60.90, 63.82) | .7945 | 62.07 (60.02, 64.12) | .6483 |
| Model 3 | 62.57 (62.19, 62.94) | Reference | 65.00 (63.07, 66.93) | .015 | 62.26 (60.81, 63.71) | .6905 | 62.06 (60.03, 64.10) | .635 |
| % time SWS | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 11.28 (10.93, 11.63) | Reference | 11.28 (9.46, 13.09) | .9977 | 10.78 (9.41, 12.15) | .4904 | 11.44 (9.57, 13.31) | .8674 |
| Model 2 | 11.26 (10.91, 11.61) | Reference | 11.09 (9.26, 12.92) | .8574 | 11.09 (9.71, 12.47) | .8171 | 12.30 (10.36, 14.24) | .304 |
| Model 3 | 11.25 (10.90, 11.60) | Reference | 11.28 (9.46, 13.11) | .9746 | 11.00 (9.62, 12.38) | .729 | 12.42 (10.49, 14.34) | .2467 |
| % time REM | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 19.44 (19.18, 19.69) | Reference | 17.05 (15.72, 18.37) | .0005 | 19.30 (18.3, 20.30) | .7908 | 17.52 (16.16, 18.88) | .007 |
| Model 2 | 19.36 (19.11, 19.62) | Reference | 17.73 (16.42, 19.05) | .018 | 19.58 (18.58, 20.57) | .6811 | 18.35 (16.95, 19.75) | .1652 |
| Model 3 | 19.37 (19.12, 19.62) | Reference | 17.63 (16.32, 18.93) | .0102 | 19.83 (18.85, 20.81) | .3768 | 18.34 (16.96, 19.71) | .1496 |
| REM latency (min) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 73.13 (71.44, 74.83) | Reference | 87.34 (78.59, 96.09) | .0018 | 81.07 (74.47, 87.67) | .023 | 91.13 (82.15, 100.12) | .0001 |
| Model 2 | 74.31 (72.66, 75.95) | Reference | 81.86 (73.35, 90.38) | .0886 | 75.35 (68.92, 81.78) | .7593 | 74.28 (65.25, 83.31) | .9956 |
| Model 3 | 74.21 (72.57, 75.85) | Reference | 81.40 (72.87, 89.93) | .1059 | 75.09 (68.67, 81.53) | .7942 | 73.51 (64.51, 82.52) | .8817 |
Notes. REM = rapid eye movement; SWS = slow wave sleep. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, clinic, body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, cognitive impairment, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Parkinson’s disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, antidepressant use, benzodiazepine use, sleep medication use. Model 3: Model 2 + sleep efficiency, sleep duration, sleep latency, apnea–hypopnea index, and percent of sleep time with SaO2 < 90%.
All p values compared with the reference category, DEP−/ANX−. Bold values indicate p < .05.