Table S1.
Descriptive statistics by country
| Household characteristics | Pooled | Indonesia | Kenya | Ethiopia | Malawi |
| Farm size, ha | 1.26 (2.60) | 4.50 (7.42) | 0.71 (0.94) | 1.63 (1.91) | 0.74 (0.60) |
| Production diversity (no. of crop/livestock species produced) | 6.13 (4.75) | 1.74 (0.91) | 7.82 (2.58) | 10.19 (5.81) | 4.80 (3.08) |
| Food crop production diversity (no. of food crop species produced) | 3.62 (2.96) | 0.29 (0.76) | 4.72 (1.51) | 6.30 (3.64) | 2.90 (1.90) |
| Margalef species richness index | 0.44 (0.47) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.79 (0.28) | 0.85 (0.65) | 0.28 (0.25) |
| Produce sold to market (dummy) | — | — | — | 0.41 | 0.12 |
| Household (HH) size (no. of people) | 4.87 (2.07) | 4.20 (1.52) | 4.47 (1.71) | 5.25 (2.12) | 4.83 (2.10) |
| Age of HH head, y | 41.96 (14.82) | 45.71 (12.17) | 52.01 (13.66) | 44.51 (15.08) | 39.71 (14.55) |
| Male HH head (dummy) | 0.83 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.82 |
| Education of HH head, y | 5.38 (4.40) | 7.50 (3.63) | 9.64 (3.70) | 1.54 (2.81) | 6.29 (4.06) |
| Market distance, km | 21.27 (33.37) | 6.55 (7.41) | 3.09 (3.58) | 63.53 (47.50) | 8.17 (5.71) |
| Off-farm income (dummy) | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
| Food variety score (no. of food items consumed) | 15.94 (8.43) | 29.58 (8.11) | 24.68 (4.64) | 7.91 (2.31) | 16.68 (6.72) |
| Food variety score only with respect to purchased foods | — | — | — | 4.50 (2.27) | 12.13 (5.82) |
| Dietary diversity score (no. of food groups consumed) | 7.99 (2.48) | 10.02 (1.29) | 11.40 (0.97) | 5.42 (1.70) | 8.48 (2.02) |
| Dietary diversity score of healthy foods (no. of healthy food groups consumed) | 5.51 (1.97) | 7.02 (1.29) | 7.33 (0.84) | 3.24 (1.31) | 6.07 (1.53) |
| Dietary diversity score only with respect to purchased foods | — | — | — | 3.47 (1.68) | 7.37 (2.33) |
| Food purchase from market, % of total food | — | — | — | 54.75 (21.11) | 61.33 (19.68) |
| No. of observations | 8,230 | 674 | 397 | 2,045 | 5,114 |
Mean values are shown with SDs in parentheses.