Table 4.

Impacts of sticker assignments

Experimental arms	Claims†	Maximum speed (km/h)	Average speed (km/h)	Reckless event	Passenger voice
A. Main effects
Placebo	−0.014	0.908	0.146	0.027	0.049
	(0.010)	(0.745)	(0.792)	(0.033)	(0.035)
Any treatment sticker	−0.017**	−0.979	−1.019**	0.020	0.005
	(0.008*	(0.606)	(0.506)	(0.024)	(0.027)
Treatment = placebo, P value	0.29	0.00	0.13	0.80	0.11
B. Individual vs. collective action
Individual	−0.012	−1.257*	−0.853	0.024	−0.003
	(0.008)	(0.649)	(0.629)	(0.026)	(0.029)
Collective action	−0.022***	−0.687	−1.194**	0.017	0.013
	(0.008)	(0.637)	(0.484)	(0.027)	(0.030)
C. Message types
Text message only	0.001	−0.692	−1.404***	0.022	−0.012
	(0.010)	(0.707)	(0.532)	(0.032)	(0.033)
Supportive: Voice	−0.024**	−0.039	−0.984*	0.036	0.018
	(0.010)	(0.685)	(0.509)	(0.030)	(0.033)
Event aversion: Crash	−0.028***	−2.039***	−0.966	0.012	0.001
	(0.010)	(0.717)	(0.811)	(0.030)	(0.034)
Consequence aversion: Injury	−0.016*	−1.210*	−0.755	0.010	0.010
	(0.010)	(0.734)	(0.824)	(0.031)	(0.034)
Observations	23,474	4,405	4,405	1,471	1,471

Clustered SEs in parentheses. Significance at *10%, **5%, and ***1% levels.

^†In the claims regression, entries are coefficients on the reported independent variable interacted with postrecruitment in a difference in difference specification. In the speed and survey regressions, entries reflect simple differences.