Table 1.

Level of NNAL in urine from smokers, users of “old” snuff in USA (smokeless tobacco), users of “modern” Swedish snus and of NRT compared to people exposed to ETS (17, 18, 21).

Group	Total NNAL (pmol/mg creatinine)
Smokers	2.6 (0.3–3.9)a
Snuff (old type)	3.3 (1.5–5.1)
Swedish snus	1.4 (0.9–2.0)
NRT	0.3 (0.1–0.4)
Non-smokers exposed to ETS	0.042 ± 0.020b

^a95% Confidence interval.

^b±SD.