Table 1.

Urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EM) and fecal microbiome alpha diversity in postmenopausal breast cancer cases and controls

Variable/outcome	Case patients, N=48	Control patients, N=48			P*
Estrogen, EM levels, mean (SD)†
Total estrogens and EM	45.40 (106.94)	22.36 (17.79)			.12
Parent estrogens	16.89 (44.38)	7.30 (5.93)			.12
Estrone	12.97 (31.76)	5.83 (4.81)			.11
Estradiol	3.92 (12.86)	1.47 (1.31)			.17
Total EM	28.51 (63.33)	15.07 (12.42)			.15
2-Hydroxylation pathway	12.94 (28.83)	6.51 (5.59)			.10
16-Hydroxylation pathway	14.43 (32.12)	7.99 (6.81)			.21
4-Hydroxylation pathway	1.13 (2.41)	.56 (.47)			.11
Estrogen, EM ratios
EM/parent	2.15 (.87)	2.35 (2.01)			.56
2-pathway/parent	.97 (.40)	.96 (.44)			.90
16-pathway/parent	1.10 (.45)	1.30 (1.59)			.41
4-pathway/parent	.09 (.04)	.09 (.04)			.95
2-pathway/16-pathway	.89 (.16)	.85 (.15)			.14
Fecal microbiome richness, alpha diversity, mean (SE)
No. observed species	78.6 (23.1)	91.2 (16.6)			.004
Chao1	909.5 (24.4)	1053.8 (174.9)			.001
PD_whole tree	33.1 (7.9)	37.5 (6.1)			.004
Shannon index	6.0 (.7)	6.2 (.6)			.09
Breast cancer risk, by tertile, odds ratio (95% confidence intervals)‡		Tertile 1	Tertile 2	Tertile 3
No. observed species	.50 (.30 to .84)	Referent	.24	.29
Chao1	.53 (.31 to .89)	Referent	.28	.30
PD_whole tree	.50 (.30 to .85)	Referent	.20	.29
Shannon index	.83 (.50 to 1.37)	Referent	.89	.68

* Linear regression with (log-transformed estrogen and EM values) and adjustment for age.

† Picomoles/mg creatinine.

‡ Logistic regression, tertiles among controls, adjusted for age, body mass index, and total urine estrogen level.