Table 2.

Clinical studies suggesting a role of thrombotic and hemostatic mediators and markers in periodontitis as a link to inflammation in CVD

Thrombotic or hemostatic marker or mediator	Association(s) with CVD	References
Plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1	Serum levels in patients with advanced periodontitis decrease following full-mouth extraction	Taylor et al., 2006
	Serum levels increased in chronic periodontitis	Bizzarro et al., 2007
	No association of serum levels with periodontitis	Bretz et al., 2005
Fibrinogen	Serum levels increased in chronic periodontitis	Kweider et al., 1993; Sahingur et al., 2003; Schwahn et al., 2004; Buhlin et al., 2009
	Serum levels in patients with advanced periodontitis decrease following full-mouth extraction	Taylor et al., 2006
	Serum levels decreased following periodontal therapy	Vidal et al., 2009
	Serum levels increased in patients with CVD and chronic periodontitis compared to either condition alone	Amabile et al., 2008
	Serum levels decreased following therapy in periodontitis patients with or without CVD	Hussain Bokhari et al., 2009
von Willebrand factor and PAI-1	Significant association with periodontal measures in periodontitis patients with CVD	Montebugnoli 2005
sP-selectin, P-selectin, CD18, activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (platelet activation markers)	Plasma and cell-surface levels elevated in periodontitis, reversed by resolvin	Papapanagiotou et al., 2009; Fredman et al., 2011; Fredman and Serhan, 2011