Table 4.

Studies implicating the role of serum lipids in periodontitis patients as a link to inflammation in CVD

Lipid	Association(s) with CVD	References
Total serum cholesterol, serum lipid profile	Chronic periodontitis patients have higher total serum cholesterol than controls	Losche et al., 2000; Katz et al., 2001; Nibali et al., 2007
	Periodontal therapy can improve serum lipid profiles	Pussinen et al., 2004b; Montebugnoli et al., 2005; Oz et al., 2007; Duan et al., 2009
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Chronic periodontitis patients have higher serum LDL than controls	Losche et al., 2000; Katz et al., 2001; Nibali et al., 2007;
	Chronic periodontitis patients have higher oxLDL than controls	Monteiro et al., 2009
	Chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients have higher small dense LDL than controls	Pussinen et al., 2004b; Rufail et al., 2007; Rizzo et al., 2012
	P. gingivalis induces in vitro foam cell formation in the presence of exogenous LDL	Kuramitsu et al., 2003; Miyakawa et al., 2004; Giacona et al., 2004; Miyakawa et al., 2004
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Chronic periodontitis patients have lower HDL than controls	Nibali et al., 2007; Monteiro et al., 2009; Pussinen et al., 2004b
Triglycerides	Chronic periodontitis patients have higher serum triglycerides than controls	Monteiro et al., 2009
Very (v)LDL, Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)	In chronic periodontitis, serum LPS is associated with atherogenic lipids (vLDL, IDL), and remains so after periodontal therapy	Kallio et al., 2008