Table 3.
General characteristics of bacteriocins used against Gram-negative bacteria
| Classification | Bacteriocin | Producer strain | Biochemical characteristics | Mode of action | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lantibiotic | Nisin | Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis | Amphipathic peptide, elongated, positively charged, of 34 amino acid residues and molecular mass of 3.3 kDa. Contains unusual amino acids (lanthionine and methyl-lanthionine), derived from post-translational modifications. Stable to heat and to pH (between 2.0 and 7.0). | Formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane and inhibition of cell wall synthesis. | Liu and Hansen (1990), Delves-Broughton et al. (1996), Breukink and Kruijff (1999) | |
| Gallidermin | Staphylococcus gallinarum | Peptide of 22 amino acid residues, similar to epidermin | Kellner et al. (1988), Gotz et al. (2014) | |||
| Bovicin HC5 | Streptococus bovis HC5 | Peptide of 2.4 kDa, about 22 amino acid residues. Stable to heat and acidic pH. | Mantovani et al. (2002) | |||
| -a | Cerein 8A | Bacillus cereus 8A | Peptide with molecular mass of 26 kDa. Stable at temperatures below 80 °C and pH between 2.0 and 11.0 | Possible formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. | Bizani and Brandelli (2002) | |
| Class II | IIc | Carnocyclin A | Carnobacterium maltaromaticum | Circular peptide of 60 amino acid residues and molecular mass of 5.9 kDa. Stable to heat and pH between 2.0 and 12.0. | Formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane. | Martin-Visscher et al. (2008; 2011) |
| IIa | Carnobacteriocin BM1 | C. maltaromaticum | Peptide of 43 amino acids residues and molecular mass of 4.5 kDa. | Quadri et al. (1994) | ||
| IIc | Enterocin AS-48 | Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens A 48–32 | Circular cationic peptide of 70 amino acids residues, molecular mass of 7.2 kDa. Presents globular structure, formed by five helices (α1 a α5), with pI 10.5. Stable to heat and acidic pH. | Samyn et al. (1994), Gonzalez et al. (2000), Cobos et al. (2001) | ||
| IIb | Lactocin 705 | Lactobacillus casei CRL705 | Its activity depends of complementation of two peptides, called 705α and 705β, of 33 amino acids residues each. | Castellano et al. (2003) | ||
| IIa | Piscicolin 126 | C. maltaromaticum | Peptide of 44 amino acids residues and molecular mass of 4.4 kDa. Stable to heat and acidic pH, but inactivated at neutral and alkaline pH. | Jack et al. (1996) | ||
aNot determined