Figure 3.

Schematic of the evolution of pancreatic cancer. Normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells undergo mutation events to become an initiated tumor cell. Additional mutations and clonal expansions lead eventually to a founder cell of the index pancreatic cancer clone. These produce subclones with metastatic capacity, eventually leading to dissemination to distant organs such as the liver. Times shown are the empirical residence times in each system state. Adapted from Yachida, Jones et al. (2010).