. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Learn Disabil. 2011 Aug 19;44(5):472–488. doi: 10.1177/0022219411414010

Table 5.

Reading Achievement Growth Models for Children Entering Kindergarten with and without IEP and a Disability Diagnosis

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	I	S	Q	I	S	Q	I	S	Q	I	S	Q

Intercept Disability status¹	73.63^*	59.70^*	-13.06^*	76.25^*	60.38^*	-13.06^*	76.79^*	61.03^*	-13.05^*	75.57^*	60.69^*	-13.05^*
LD	-19.33^*	-1.81		-20.33^*	-1.75		-4.52	-4.26		-2.55	-3.69
SLI	-14.22^*	-3.56^*		-12.10^*	-3.18^*		-6.33^*	-4.02^*		-5.14^*	-3.69^*
Age in month			.96^*	-.23^*			.14	-.11^*		-.02	-.16^*
SES			9.85^*	.75^*			2.85^*	1.90^*		2.12^*	1.70^*
Race²
Black			-5.64^*	-3.46^*			-3.39^*	-3.66^*		-1.86	-3.23^*
Hispanic			-2.52	-.31			-1.17	-.66		-.28	-.42
Other			-2.25	-.99			-1.51	-1.13		-.92	-.97
Female			3.37^*	-.48			-.62	-.38		.68	-.01
Repeat K			-10.16	1.60			-7.76^*	1.72		-7.32^*	1.81
Public school			-1.92^*	-.05			-.45	-.52		-.11	-.42
Spring of K Reading Test score							1.07^*	-.23^*		.87^*	-.29^*
Spring of K Mathematics Test score										.44^*	.12^*
Spring of K Approaches to Learning teacher rating							4.92^*	1.30^*		3.57^*	.92^*

Note. Estimates are weighted with the child-level weights. Level 1 units N = 22,150; Level 2 units N = 7,405. Age and SES are grand-mean centered; other predictors are uncentered.

p-value<.05.

Reference category is students with no disability.

Reference category is the white students.

LD=Learning Disability. SLI=Speech or language impairment. K=Kindergarten. I=Intercept. S=Slope. Q=Quadratic.