Table 2.
Distribution of main study variables
| Demographic Characteristics | Overall (n = 317) | Hypertensive and Normotensive Compared
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertensive (n = 106) | Normotensive (n = 211) | P-value | ||
| Age | 47.1 (11.9) | 54.2 (10.6) | 43.5 (10.9) | <.001 |
| Female (%) | 60.3 | 64.2 | 58.3 | .3206 |
| Race | ||||
| WAI | 32.5 | 23.1 | 37.3 | .0064 |
| NHW | 39.3 | 38.5 | 39.7 | |
| AA | 28.3 | 38.5 | 23.0 | |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 6.8 | 3.9 | 8.3 | .0495 |
| High school grad | 16.1 | 23.1 | 12.6 | |
| Some college | 35.2 | 36.5 | 34.5 | |
| College grad | 41.9 | 36.5 | 44.7 | |
| OBS measures | ||||
| Current alcohol user (%) | 32.2 | 29.3 | 33.7 | .2065 |
| Current smoking (%) | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.0 | .0856 |
| Obese (%) | 44.3 | 68.9 | 31.7 | <.001 |
| Regular aspirin user (%) | 23.3 | 45.6 | 12.9 | <.001 |
| Regular NSAID user (%) | 26.6 | 32.5 | 23.8 | .1545 |
| Plasma zeaxanthin, ug/dL | 20.9 (10.5) | 22.6 (11.4) | 20.1 (10.0) | .0572 |
| Plasma cryptoxanthin, ug/dL | 7.7 (9.1) | 8.5 (14.4) | 7.4 (4.8) | .3164 |
| Plasma lycopene, ug/dL | 45.3 (24.9) | 38.7 (18.6) | 48.4 (27.0) | .0021 |
| Plasma α-carotene, ug/dL | 11 (15.1) | 8.6 (13.2) | 12.2 (15.9) | .0604 |
| Plasma β-carotene, ug/dL | 22.5 (23) | 19.2 (18.9) | 24.1 (24.6) | .0901 |
| Plasma α-tocopherol, ug/dL | 0.96 (0.28) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | .0012 |
| Serum ferritin, ug/dL | 128.1 (226.5) | 141.0 (135.2) | 121.8 (259.9) | .5009 |
| OBS score | 12.2 (3.8) | 12.0 (4.2) | 12.4 (3.6) | .4407 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| γ-Toc (mg/dL) | 0.2 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.09) | .0206 |
| F2-isoP (pg/mL) | 56.6 (34.87) | 63.5 (43.8) | 53.1 (29.0) | .037 |
| FOP (Av Std Ref Adj) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) | .2015 |
| MtDNA (rel copy number) | 3.2 (0.83) | 3.15 (0.73) | 3.19 (0.88) | .7746 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.0 (14) | 132.7 (14.1) | 119.7 (11.7) | <.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.3 (9.2) | 78.9 (9.6) | 75.1 (8.7) | .0004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (6.6) | 33.0 (6.7) | 28.4 (5.9) | <.0001 |
AA, African Americans; Av Std Ref Adj, average standard reference adjusted; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F2-isoP, F2-isoprostanes; FOP, fluorescent oxidative products; γ-Toc, gamma tocopherol; MtDNA, mitochondrial DNA copy number; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; NHW, Non-Hispanic Whites; OBS, oxidative balance score; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WAI, West African Immigrants.
For continuous variables, t test was used to test the difference between hypertensive and normotensives, whereas chi-square test was used for categorical variables.