Table 2.

Beclin 1-binding Partners^a

Protein	Impact on Autophagy	Refs
PI3KC3 components
Vps34	Required for autophagy	[3]
Vps15	Required for autophagy	[3]
Atg14/Barkor	Required for autophagy	23, 24, 25, 53
UVRAG	Involved in autophagy induction and/or autophagosomal maturation	22, 24, 54
AMBRA1	Stimulates autophagy	[123]
Bif-1/endophilin B1	Stimulates autophagy	[37]
Rubicon	Inhibits autophagy, endosome maturation and autophagosomal maturation	24, 25, 29, 30
NRBF2	Stimulates and/or inhibits autophagy	27, 28, 124
Bcl-2 family members
Bcl-2	Inhibits autophagy	56, 64
Bcl-XL	Inhibits autophagy	56, 64
Bim	Inhibits autophagy	[52]
Viral Bcl-2 homologs
Adenovirus E1B19K	Stimulates autophagy	[125]
ASFV A179L	Inhibits autophagy	[126]
γHV68 M11	Inhibits autophagy	127, 128
KSHV vBcl-2	Inhibits autophagy	[56]
Kinases
AKT	Inhibits autophagy	[68]
AMPKb	Stimulates autophagy	[42]
DAPK	Stimulates autophagy	[61]
EGFR	Inhibits autophagy	[55]
MK2/MK3b	Stimulates autophagy	[40]
HER2	Inhibits autophagy	[129]
MST1	Inhibits autophagy	[65]
PINK1	Stimulates mitophagy	[130]
ROCK1	Stimulates autophagy	[66]
ULK1	Stimulates autophagy	[41]
Ubiquitinating/deubiquitinating enzymes
A20	Inhibits autophagy	[131]
PARK2	Stimulates mitophagy	[132]
TRAF6	Stimulates autophagy	[131]
USP9X	Unknown	[133]
WASH	Inhibits autophagy	[134]
Immunity-related molecules
cGAS	Stimulates autophagy	[135]
MyD88	Stimulates autophagy	[62]
NLRP4	Inhibits autophagy	[136]
PYCARD/ASC	Unknown	[137]
SLAMF1	Stimulates LC3-associated phagocytosis	[138]
Trif	Stimulates autophagy	[62]
TRIM5α	Stimulates autophagy	[63]
Other cellular proteins
14-3-3	Inhibits autophagy	[68]
β-Arrestin-1	Stimulates autophagy	[139]
Dapper1 (Dpr1)	Stimulates autophagy	[140]
GLIPR2 (GAPR-1)	Inhibits autophagy	[90]
HMGB1	Stimulates autophagy	[141]
Ins(1,4,5)P3R	Inhibits autophagy	[142]
LRPPRC	Inhibits autophagy	[143]
nPIST	Stimulates autophagy	[144]
p53	Inhibits autophagy	[145]
Rhes	Stimulates autophagy	[146]
TAB2/TAB3	Inhibits autophagy	[147]
VMP1	Stimulates autophagy	[148]
Other microbial proteins
Coronavirus PLP2-TM	Stimulates autophagy	[149]
FMDV 2C	Unknown	[150]
HCMV TRS1	Inhibits autophagy	[151]
HIV-1 Nef	Inhibits autophagosomal maturation	[152]
HSV-1 ICP34.5	Inhibits autophagy and autophagosomal maturation	153, 154
Influenza A M2	Inhibits autophagosomal maturation	[155]

^aIncludes only cellular and viral proteins shown to interact with endogenous Beclin 1, unless otherwise noted.

^bThese kinases have been shown to directly phosphorylate Beclin 1 in vitro, but their interaction with Beclin 1 has not been demonstrated.