Table 3.
Results from weighted multivariable analyses estimating maternal depressive symptoms at child age four from children’s cognitive delay status and behavior scores
|
Outcome = CESD Score
Beta (SE) |
Outcome = HDS
OR (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Child Factors | ||||
| Cognitive Delay Status, 24 months | ||||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.36)** | 0.50 (0.36) | 1.55 (1.19-2.03)** | 1.35 (1.00-1.78)* |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | −0.15 (0.17) | −0.60 (0.17)** | 0.85 (0.72-1.00) | 0.70 (0.59-0.83)*** |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Plurality | ||||
| Singleton | 0.27 (0.26) | 0.38 (0.25) | 1.04 (0.81-1.33) | 1.09 (0.85-1.40) |
| Twin or Triplet | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Child Care Type | ||||
| Parental-care only | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Center-based | −0.72 (0.27)** | −0.62 (0.26)* | 0.71 (0.57-0.89)** | 0.73 (0.58-0.92)** |
| Head Start | −0.19 (0.37) | −0.15 (0.36) | 0.94 (0.71-1.24) | 0.94 (0.71-1.25) |
| Home-based | −0.30 (0.30) | −0.29 (0.29) | 0.90 (0.70-1.14) | 0.90 (0.70-1.15) |
| Maternal and Family Factors | ||||
| Maternal Age, years | ||||
| 15-19 | 1.02 (0.62) | 0.91 (0.56) | 1.57 (1.03-2.38)* | 1.53 (1.02-2.29)* |
| 20-24 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 25-29 | 0.39 (0.29) | 0.33 (0.28) | 1.20 (0.95-1.52) | 1.18 (0.93-1.50) |
| 30-34 | −0.15 (0.29) | −0.11 (0.28) | 0.90 (0.69-1.17) | 0.90 (0.69-1.18) |
| 35 or older | 0.38 (0.31) | 0.46 (0.30) | 1.16 (0.88-1.53) | 1.21 (0.91-1.59) |
| Maternal Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.37 (0.28) | 0.47 (0.28) | 1.13 (0.89-1.44) | 1.19 (0.93-1.52) |
| Non-Hispanic Other Race | 0.39 (0.29) | 0.42 (0.28) | 1.14 (0.90-1.44) | 1.15 (0.90-1.47) |
| Hispanic/Latina | −1.35 (0.25)*** | −1.13 (0.25)*** | 0.69 (0.54-0.88)** | 0.75 (0.59-0.95)* |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Never Married | 0.50 (0.29) | 0.42 (0.28) | 1.10 (0.87-1.40) | 1.07 (0.84-1.37) |
| Divorced, Separated, or Widowed | 1.67 (0.42)*** | 1.53 (0.41)*** | 1.67 (1.23-2.25)** | 1.62 (1.20-2.19)** |
| Family Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| First Quintile (lowest) | 2.49 (0.36)*** | 2.07 (0.35)*** | 2.54 (1.83-3.54)*** | 2.14 (1.53-3.00)*** |
| Second Quintile | 1.42 (0.31)*** | 1.13 (0.31)*** | 1.81 (1.32-2.48)*** | 1.60 (1.16-2.21)** |
| Third Quintile | 1.25 (0.26)*** | 1.07 (0.25)*** | 1.66 (1.24-2.22)** | 1.55 (1.16-2.08)** |
| Fourth Quintile | 0.18 (0.22) | 0.04 (0.22) | 0.95 (0.70-1.28) | 0.89 (0.66-1.20) |
| Fifth Quintile (highest) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Child Behavior Score, per SD | 1.28 (0.10)*** | 1.65 (1.52-1.80)*** | ||
Models control for infant birthweight.
SE – standard error; OR – odds ratio; CI – confidence interval; HDS – high depressive symptoms defined by CESD score >9; CESD – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SD – standard deviation.
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001