Table 4.
Results from weighted multivariable analyses estimating maternal depressive symptoms at child age four from children’s cognitive delay status and behavior, as assessed by children’s primary non-parental care providers (n=5,100)
|
Outcome = CESD Score
Beta (SE) |
Outcome = HDS
OR (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Child Factors | ||||
| Cognitive Delay Status, 24 months | ||||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.35)** | 0.58 (0.35) | 1.70 (1.27-2.28)*** | 1.46 (1.08-1.98)* |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | −0.07 (0.18) | −0.51 (0.18)** | 0.90 (0.74-1.08) | 0.73 (0.60-0.88)** |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Plurality | ||||
| Singleton | 0.26 (0.28) | 0.36 (0.27) | 1.11 (0.84-1.46) | 1.16 (0.88-1.54) |
| Twin or Triplet | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Child Care Type | ||||
| Center-based | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Head Start | 0.49 (0.32) | 0.41 (0.31) | 1.29 (0.99-1.68) | 1.24 (0.95-1.63) |
| Home-based | 0.42 (0.21)* | 0.32 (0.20) | 1.26 (1.02-1.56)* | 1.22 (0.98-1.51) |
| Maternal and Family Factors | ||||
| Maternal Age, years | ||||
| 15-19 | 0.90 (0.65) | 0.82 (0.58) | 1.54 (0.97-2.45) | 1.53 (0.97-2.42) |
| 20-24 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 25-29 | 0.11 (0.30) | 0.04 (0.29) | 1.04 (0.79-1.36) | 1.01 (0.76-1.33) |
| 30-34 | −0.36 (0.31) | −0.31 (0.29) | 0.86 (0.64-1.16) | 0.88 (0.65-1.18) |
| 35 or older | 0.10 (0.32) | 0.19 (0.31) | 0.98 (0.72-1.34) | 1.03 (0.75-1.41) |
| Maternal Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.39 (0.30) | 0.48 (0.29) | 1.12 (0.85-1.46) | 1.17 (0.88-1.54) |
| Non-Hispanic Other Race | 0.22 (0.32) | 0.23 (0.31) | 1.03 (0.78-1.34) | 1.02 (0.78-1.35) |
| Hispanic/Latina | −1.19 (0.27)*** | −0.93 (0.27)*** | 0.71 (0.54-0.94)* | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Never Married | 0.17 (0.30) | 0.16 (0.29) | 1.01 (0.77-1.33) | 1.01 (0.76-1.34) |
| Divorced, Separated, or Widowed | 1.53 (0.43)** | 1.38 (0.42)** | 1.75 (1.25-2.45)** | 1.69 (1.20-2.37)** |
| Family Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| First Quintile (lowest) | 2.59 (0.39)*** | 2.17 (0.38)*** | 2.59 (1.79-3.76)*** | 2.17 (1.48-3.16)*** |
| Second Quintile | 1.26 (0.33)*** | 1.01 (0.33)** | 1.66 (1.16-2.38)** | 1.49 (1.03-2.15)* |
| Third Quintile | 1.14 (0.27)*** | 0.98 (0.26)*** | 1.55 (1.13-2.13)** | 1.46 (1.06-2.00)* |
| Fourth Quintile | 0.08 (0.23) | −0.03 (0.22) | 0.89 (0.64-1.23) | 0.84 (0.61-1.17) |
| Fifth Quintile (highest) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Child Behavior Score, per SD | 1.25 (0.10)*** | 1.66 (1.51-1.83)*** | ||
Sensitivity analyses performed only among children receiving non-parental childcare at four years of age. Models control for infant birthweight.
SE – standard error; OR – odds ratio; CI – confidence interval; HDS – high depressive symptoms defined by CESD score >9; CESD – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SD – standard deviation.
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001