Table 2.
Comparison between Groups of Energy and Nutrient Intake Measured by FFQ.
| Nutrient | Pregnant a (n = 91) (mean ± SD) | Non-Pregnant b (n = 101) (mean ± SD) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 1927 ± 537 | 1869 ± 529 | 0.456 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 261.8 ± 82.2 | 246.9 ± 78.9 | 0.204 |
| Fibre (g) | 22.2 ± 9.2 | 24.1 ± 10.2 | 0.169 |
| Protein (g) | 77.6 ± 25.6 | 77.3 ± 26.2 | 0.958 |
| Fat (g) | 67.6 ± 22.1 | 66.1 ± 25.2 | 0.660 |
| Saturated Fat (g) | 22.1 ± 8.6 | 19.6 ± 8.1 | 0.039 * |
| MUFA (g) | 26.6 ± 9.8 | 27.1 ± 12.0 | 0.733 |
| PUFA (g) | 13.1 ± 4.7 | 13.5 ± 5.8 | 0.527 |
| ALA (g) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.265 |
| EPA/DHA (g) | 0.14 ± 0.13 | 0.17 ± 0.21 | 0.246 |
| Trans Fat (g) | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 0.007 ** |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 200.6 ± 75.6 | 182.7 ± 82.7 | 0.120 |
| Alcohol (g) | 3.7 ± 4.9 | 5.6 ± 7.3 | 0.043 * |
| Folate (µg) | 369 ± 124 | 392 ± 148 | 0.250 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.856 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 5.1 ± 2.3 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 0.802 |
| Calcium (mg) | 1146 ± 556 | 988 ± 408 | 0.026 * |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | 0.204 |
| Iron (mg) | 15.3 ± 5.0 | 16.4 ± 6.0 | 0.193 |
* Independent samples t-test significant at p < 0.05 level; ** Independent samples t-test significant at p < 0.01 level. a Energy and macronutrient intake for the year prior to becoming pregnant; b Energy and macronutrient intake for the past year. Abbreviations: FFQ (food frequency questionnaire), kcal (kilocalories), g (grams), mg (milligrams), µg (micrograms), SD (standard deviation), MUFA (monounsaturated fat), PUFA (polyunsaturated fat), ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), EPA/DHA (Eicosapentaenoic acid/Docosahexaenoic acid).