Table 3.
Effect of FA on metabolic variables and inflammatory cytokine.
| Variables | C + PG | C + FA60 | MS + PG | MS + FA30 | MS + FA60 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBG (mg/dL) | 86.7 ± 1.4 | 87.2 ± 1.7 | 117.0 ± 3.4 * | 100.4 ± 0.9 *# | 93.4 ± 1.2 *#† |
| AUC (mg/dL/120 min) | 14,597 ± 137 | 14,455 ± 433 | 17,609 ± 263 * | 16,808 ± 273 *# | 15,840 ± 248.4 *#† |
| HOMA-IR | 1.73 ± 0.05 | 1.68 ± 0.67 | 17.85 ± 3.2 * | 4.45 ± 0.44 *# | 2.91 ± 0.26 *#† |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.1 ± 3.2 | 57.7 ± 2.2 | 87.6 ± 2.0 * | 69.9 ± 1.3 *# | 63.5 ± 4.2 *# |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 38.40 ± 6.15 | 36.14 ± 5.83 | 78.29 ± 3.96 * | 50.60 ± 2.91 *# | 49 ± 2.89 *# |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 34.32 ± 1.54 | 34.33 ± 0.95 | 19.07 ± 1.55 * | 33.29 ± 0.97 *# | 33.50 ± 1.49 *# |
| Plasma TNF-α (pg/mL) | 27.77 ± 3.15 | 25.83 ± 3.36 | 173.14 ± 16.30 * | 52.98 ± 8.90 *# | 42.02 ± 3.84 *# |
C + PG: normal control rats received propylene glycol as a vehicle; C + FA60: normal control rats receiving ferulic acid 60 mg/kg; MS + PG: MS rats receiving propylene glycol; MS + FA30: MS rats receiving ferulic acid 30 mg/kg; MS + FA60: MS rats receiving ferulic acid 60 mg/kg. Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 10/group). * p < 0.05 vs. C + PG; # p < 0.05 vs. MS group; † p < 0.05 vs. MS with FA 30 mg/kg. FBG, fasting blood glucose; AUC, area under the curve; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.