Table 2.
Metabolic changes pre- and post-high-fat meal.
| 0 h | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLUCOSE (mmol/L) | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 7.9 ± 2.7 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 7.5 ± 2.5 * | 7.29 ± 2.7 *!§ | 7.0 ± 2.8 *!§† |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.39 | 4.63 ± 0.7 |
| Control (N = 18) | 4.8 ± 0.86 | 5.1 ± 2.3 | 5.02 ± 1.7 | 4.76 ± 1.51 | 4.79 ± 1.6 |
| TRIGLYCERIDES (mmol/L) # | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.9 *! | 2.7 ± 1.1 *!§ | 2.7 ± 1.3 *!§ |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 *! | 2.0 ± 1.1 *!§ | 1.9 ± 1.3 *!§ |
| Control (N = 18) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.44 ± 0.91 | 1.54 ± 1.0 |
| TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (mmol/L) | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 1.0 |
| Control (N = 18) | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 |
| HDL-CHOLESTEROL (mmol/L) | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 *! | 0.89 ± 0.2 *!§† |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 *! | 1.1 ± 0.4 *!§ |
| Control (N = 18) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
| LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mmol/L) | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 * | 3.2 ± 0.9 * | 3.3 ± 0.9 * |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 * | 2.4 ± 0.6 * | 2.4 ± 0.6 * |
| Control (N = 18) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.6* | 2.6 ± 0.6 * | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 |
| Endotoxin (EU/mL) | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 ! | 3.5 ± 0.9 ! | 3.6 ± 0.9 ! |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.9 |
| Control (N = 18) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 * | 1.7 ± 0.8 * | 1.9 ± 0.2 * | 2.1 ± 0.2 * |
| Insulin (IU/mL) # | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 11.7 ± 5.5 | 21.9 ± 17.7 * | 19.3 ± 12.6 * | 16.2 ± 12.3 * | 14.3 ± 8.2 * |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 5.0 ± 3.4 | 15.6 ± 16.2 * | 16.9 ± 16.0 * | 13.1 ± 8.0 * | 10.3 ± 5.3 * |
| Control (N = 18) | 5.8 ± 0.64 | 10.3 ± 1.7 | 9.6 ± 3.4 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 2.6 |
| HOMA-IR # | |||||
| T2DM (N = 50) | 3.7 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 12.0 *‡ | 6.6 ± 6.0 *‡ | 5.6 ± 5.4 ‡ | 3.9 ± 2.4 |
| Overweight+ (N = 24) | 1.12 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 4.1 * | 3.9 ± 4.1 * | 2.8 ± 1.9 * | 2.1 ± 1.2 |
| Control (N = 18) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.7 * | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.6 |
# denotes Non-Gaussian distribution; * denotes significance compared with 0 hour; ! denotes significance compared with 1; § denotes significance compared with 2; † denotes significance compared with 3; ‡ denotes significance compared with 4; p significant at ≤0.05. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance (for triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR and endotoxin) were the tests used (T2DM: Type 2 diabetes Mellitus; Overweight+: overweight/obese subjects referred to as overweight-plus; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; ANOVA: analysis of Variance).