Table 1.

Inflammatory cytokines in preeclampsia.

Cytokines in Preeclamptic Pregnancies	References
Genetic polymorphisms of TNF-α and IL-1 result in increased levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and are associated with preeclampsia.	[106]
Serum and placental levels of pro-inflammatory IL-18 are increased in preeclampsia.	[107]
The ratios IL-2/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10 in maternal serum are higher in preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy.	[108]
Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 are increased in maternal serum from women with preeclampsia as compared with normal pregnancy.	[109]
Serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-15 and IL-16 are significantly higher in preeclampsia than in normal pregnancy.	[110]
Gene expression of anti-inflammatory IL-4 is low in preeclampsia.	[111]
In preeclampsia, the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 and C-reactive protein are higher compared to normal pregnancy.	[112]