Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 192 participants by dietary phylloquinone intake.
| Total Cohort (n = 192) |
Dietary Phylloquinone Intake * | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <207 µg/day (n = 64) | ≥207 µg/day (n = 128) | |||
| Demographical measures | ||||
| Age, years | 82.8 ± 7.1 | 83.7 ± 5.9 | 82.4 ± 7.7 | 0.227 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 120 (62.5) | 43 (67.2) | 77 (60.2) | 0.343 |
| Social problems, n (%) | 21 (10.9) | 10 (15.6) | 11 (8.6) | 0.141 |
| High education level †, n (%) | 152 (79.2) | 51 (79.7) | 101 (78.9) | 0.900 |
| Clinical measures | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 5.4 | 25.8 ± 4.9 | 26.4 ± 5.6 | 0.492 |
| CIRS-G score, /60 | 8.3 ± 4.0 | 9.0 ± 4.4 | 8.0 ± 3.8 | 0.118 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 29 (15.2) | 10 (15.6) | 19 (15.0) | 0.904 |
| Use of vitamin K antagonists, n (%) | 31 (16.1) | 11 (17.2) | 20 (15.6) | 0.781 |
| Dietary intake of phylloquinone, µg/day | 319.9 ± 196.3 | 125.3 ± 52.1 | 417.1 ± 167.4 | <0.001 |
| Low dietary intake of fatty fish and eggs ‡, n (%) | 23 (12.2) | 9 (14.8) | 14 (10.9) | 0.453 |
| Neuropsychiatric measures | ||||
| MMSE score, /30 | 21.4 ± 5.9 | 19.9 ± 6.2 | 22.0 ± 5.7 | 0.024 |
| FBRS score, /4 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.042 |
| Serum measures | ||||
| TSH concentration, mIU/L | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 0.440 |
| Vitamin B12 concentration, ng/L | 444.3 ± 266.2 | 478.5 ± 375.8 | 427.4 ± 190.6 | 0.228 |
| Albumin concentration, g/L | 34.9 ± 5.5 | 33.0 ± 5.7 | 35.9 ± 5.2 | 0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 53.7 ± 21.9 | 50.8 ± 18.2 | 55.1 ± 23.5 | 0.217 |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation when applicable. CIRS-G: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics; FBRS: Frontotemporal Behavioral Rating Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; *: lower dietary phylloquinone intake defined as the lowest third (i.e., below 206.97 µg/day); higher dietary phylloquinone intake defined as the other two thirds combined (i.e., above 206.97 µg/day); †: Elementary School Recognition Certificate passed; ‡: Answer “No” to the question “Do you eat fatty fish at least once a week and/or eggs several times per week?”; p-values < 0.05 indicated in bold.