Table 3.
Associations between the BMD-Diet Score or Healthy Diet Indicator and femoral neck BMD, using linear mixed modelling.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic | Model 1+ | Model 2+ | Model 3+ | Model 3+ | |||||||
| Height and Weight | Confounders | Other Score | Calcium Intake | ||||||||
| β 1 | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | ||
| Food group-based BMD-Diet Score | Per SD | 0.012 | (0.008, 0.015) | 0.010 | (0.007, 0.013) | 0.009 | (0.005, 0.012) | 0.008 | (0.004, 0.011) | 0.004 | (0.001, 0.008) |
| Q2 vs. Q1 | 0.007 | (–0.004, 0.018) | 0.007 | (–0.003, 0.016) | 0.005 | (–0.004, 0.015) | 0.005 | (–0.004, 0.015) | 0.001 | (–0.009, 0.012) | |
| Q3 vs. Q1 | 0.024 | (0.014, 0.034) | 0.020 | (0.011, 0.030) | 0.019 | (0.009, 0.028) | 0.018 | (0.008, 0.028) | 0.019 | (0.002, 0.022) | |
| Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.029 | (0.020, 0.040) | 0.024 | (0.016, 0.033) | 0.022 | (0.013, 0.031) | 0.021 | (0.012, 0.030) | 0.010 | (0.000, 0.020) | |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | ||||||
| WHO guidelines-based HDI | Per SD | 0.004 | (0.001, 0.008) | 0.005 | (0.002, 0.009) | 0.003 | (−0.000, 0.007) | 0.003 | (−0.000, 0.007) | 0.005 | (0.003, 0.010) |
| Q2 vs. Q1 | –0.006 | (–0.017, 0.005) | –0.006 | (–0.016, 0.005) | –0.008 | (–0.018, 0.003) | –0.009 | (–0.020, 0.002) | –0.007 | (–0.018, 0.003) | |
| Q3 vs. Q1 | 0.006 | (–0.026, 0.016) | 0.007 | (–0.012, 0.016) | 0.004 | (–0.004, 0.013) | 0.002 | (–0.007, 0.010) | 0.005 | (–0.004, 0.013) | |
| Q4 vs. Q1 | 0.011 | (–0.000, 0.021) | 0.012 | (0.002, 0.022) | 0.007 | (–0.004, 0.017) | 0.002 | (–0.009, 0.012) | 0.008 | (–0.002, 0.018) | |
| P for trend | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.067 | 0.377 | 0.038 | ||||||
1 Regression coefficients (+95% confidence intervals) are shown for the fixed effects of the linear mixed model per SD increase or per quartile, using the first quartile as the reference, in the corresponding diet score. As the median BMD in this population is 0.86 g/cm2, a regression coefficient of 0.012 g/cm2 approximates a 1.4% higher BMD; Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and total energy intake; Model 2: Model 1, additionally adjusted for body weight and height; Model 3: Model 2, additionally adjusted for education, household income, smoking behavior, physical activity, use of lipid lowering drugs + use of any dietary supplement + alcohol intake. Additional adjustment for plasma vitamin D, use of antihypertensive drugs, drugs for calcium homeostasis or for disorders of the musculo-skeletal system, HRT, lower limb disability or CVD prevalence did not change these results; Model 4: Model 3, additionally adjusted for the other diet Score (HDI for the BMD-Diet Score analysis and vice versa); Model 5: Model 3, additionally adjusted for calcium intake; Significant findings (p < 0.05) in bold, Abbreviations: BMD = bone mineral density, HDI = Healthy Diet Indicator, HRT = hormone replacement therapy, CVD = cardiovascular disease, SD = standard deviation; CI = Confidence interval; Q = quartile.