Table 1.

Injectable nanomaterials for treating MI

Material	Dimensions	Therapeutic	Animal	MI model	Control	Results compared to controls	Reference
Surgical based injection of hydrogels
SAP	5 nm fiber diameter	VEGF	SD rats and Lanyu minipigs	CAL	Saline, free VEGF, SAP alone	Increased neovascularization and improved cardiac function	[26]
SAP with heparin domain	10 nm fiber diameter	VEGF	SD rats	CAL	SAP alone, SAP with heparin domain, saline	Improved cardiac function, decreased infarct size, and increased angiogenesis	[27]
MA gelatin and PEI with GO nanosheets	30–40 nm nanosheets	VEGF-165 gene	Lewis rats	CAL	Hydrogel alone, hydrogel and VEGF-165, VEGF-165 alone, saline	Increased angiogenesis and cardiac function	[34]
Pericardial ECM	200 nm fiber diameter	bFGF	SD rats	I/R	ECM alone, bFGF in collagen, collagen, saline	Increased vessel density	[30]
Catheter based injection of hydrogels
Cardiac ECM	100 nm fiber diameter	-	Yucatan minipigs	Percutaneous coil embolism	Saline, untreated	Improved global and regional cardiac function and ventricular volumes; increased cardiac muscle and reduced infarct fibrosis.	[31]
Ureido-pyrimidinone and PEG	75–100 nm fiber length	HGF and IGF	Dutch landrace pigs	Intracoronary balloon occlusion	Hydrogel alone, free HGF and IGF	Reduced infarct collagen content	[33]
Surgical based injection of nanoparticles
PLGA	234 nm diameter	PGF	SD rats	CAL	Saline, free PGF	Improved cardiac function and reduced infarct expansion	[35]
PLGA	60 nm diameter (PLGA)	IGF	FVB mice	CAL	Saline, free IGF, nanoparticles alone	Improved ejection fraction and reduced infarct size compared to the saline and free PGF groups	[36]
	74 nm diameter (with IGF)
IV delivery of nanoparticles
Gd micelles or liposomes	15 nm diameter (micelle)	-	Swiss mice	CAL	Gadopentetic acid	Improved accumulation of micelles to infarct area monitored through noninvasive imaging Improved heart function and vascular density	[37]
	100 nm diameter (liposome)
Liposomes	180 nm diameter	VEGF	SD rats	CAL	Free VEGF, liposomes only, no treatment		[38]
DDFT nanoparticles	250 nm diameter	Oxygen	C57BL/6J mice	CAL	Saline	Decreased infarct size	[39]
Myosin and TATp liposomes	170 nm diameter (liposome)	-	Rats	CAL	Liposomes with nonspecific Ab	Increased accumulation in infarct zone, increased transfection of cardiomyocytes	[40]
	220 nm diameter (with TATp)
Ang-labeled liposomes	142 nm diameter	-	C57BL/6J mice	CAL	Nanoparticles labeled with nonspecific peptide	Successful targeting to infarct zone	[41]
IMTP-CD-9R nanoparticle	350 nm diameter	-	SD rats	I/R	Nanoparticles in healthy animals	Successful targeting to infarct zone, increased gene expression	[42]
PEG/Hoechst/Streptavidin nanocomplex	Dimensions not reported	IGF	Mice	I/R	Unlabeled complex, saline	Increased accumulation in infarct zone, improved heart function	[45]

Ang: angiotensin; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; CAL: coronary artery ligation; CD: cystamine bisacrylamide-diamino hexane polymer; D9: D-9-arginine; DDFP: dodecafluoropentane; ECM: extracellular matrix; Gd: gadolinium; GO: graphene oxide; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; I/R; ischemia/reperfusion; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IMTP: ischemic myocardium-targeted peptide; MA: methacrylate; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: polyethylenimine; PGF: placental growth factor; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); SAP: self-assembling peptide; SD: Sprague-Dawley; TATp: transcriptional activator peptide; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.