Table 1.
Comparison of Demographic and Baseline Data in the Entire Study Cohort and the Cohort Enrolled at Diagnosis
| Entire cohort (n=42) | Cohort enrolled at diagnosis (n=18) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAISY (n=21) | Community (n=21) | P value | DAISY (n=9) | Community (n=9) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 13.0±2.3 | 12.4±3.7 | 0.62 | 12.1±1.7 | 10.3±3.9 | 1.00a |
| Male [n (%)] | 12 (57) | 12 (57) | 1 | 6 (66.7) | 7 (77.8) | 1.00 |
| BMI z-score | 0.03±0.9 | 0.3±1.0 | 0.33 | 0.2±0.7 | 0.08±1.4 | 0.73a |
| Family history of type 1 diabetes [n (%)] | 12 (57) | 2 (9.5) | 0.002b | 5 (55.6) | 0 (0) | NA |
| HLA DR 3/4, DQB1*0302 [n (%)] | 11 (52) | 5 (24) | 0.03b | 3 (33) | 2 (22) | 1.00 |
| Antibody levels | ||||||
| GAD | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.14 | 0.17 (0.3) | 0.12 (0.1) | 1 |
| IA-2 | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.62 | 0.29 (0.3) | 0.23 (0.2) | 0.2 |
| mIAA | 0.05 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.12 | 0.08 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.1 |
| ZnT8 | NA | NA | 0.31 (0.4) | 0.06 (0.1) | 0.02 | |
| Number of positive diabetes antibodies at onset [mean (SD)] | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) | 0.16 | 2.9 (0.6) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.07 |
| HbA1c [% (mmol/mol]) at onset | 7.5±2.3 (58±25) | 12.9±2.1 (117±23) | 0.0002ab | 7.3±2.2 (56±24) | 13.7±1.7 (126±19) | 0.04ab |
| Years from onset | 1.5±1.6 | 1.6±1.7 | 0.19a | 0.1±0.1 | 0.2±0.1 | 1.00a |
| HbA1c (% [mmol/mol]) at study enrollment | 7.9±2.0 (63±22) | 9±2.3 (75±25) | 0.38a | 6.5±1.4 (48±15) | 9.2±2.9 (77±32) | 0.04ab |
| Glucose tests/day | 3.7±0.9 | 5.6±1.9 | 0.02b | 3.2±0.9 | 5.2±1.1 | 0.12a |
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | 0.6±0.4 | 0.7±0.3 | 0.43 | 0.2±0.2 | 0.5±0.3 | 0.04ab |
| IDAA1Cc | 10.3±3.6 | 11.7±2.9 | 0.15 | 7.4±2.1 | 11.2±3.5 | 0.02ab |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | ||||||
| Fasting | 0.8±0.9 | 0.7±0.6 | 0.86 | 1.2±0.6 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.73d |
| 60-min | 1.5±1.4 | 1.1±0.7 | 0.78 | 2.5±0.5 | 1.6±0.2 | 0.047bd |
Data are mean±SD values unless specified otherwise.
a
P value for Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
b
Difference is significant.
c
Insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1c (IDAA1C), calculated as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (in %)+(4×insulin dose [in units/kg/day]).
d
P value for geometric means.
DAISY, Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IA-2, islet antigen-2; mIAA, micro-insulin autoantibody; NA, not applicable; ZnT8, zinc transporter isoform 8.