TABLE 1 ] .
Clinicopathologic Associations Between Recurrence and Tumor Budding
| Characteristic | No. | 5-y CIR (%) | P Value | Tumor Budding, No. (%) | P Value | |
| Low-Grade | High-Grade | |||||
| All patients | 1,038 | 19 | … | 719 (69) | 319 (31) | … |
| Age, y | .94 | .075 | ||||
| ≤ 65 | 378 | 18 | 69a | 69a | ||
| > 65 | 660 | 16 | (23-96)b | (42-88)b | ||
| Sex | .003c | .026c | ||||
| Female | 646 | 13 | 464 (72) | 182 (28) | ||
| Male | 392 | 22 | 255 (65) | 137 (35) | ||
| Smoking status | .18 | .086 | ||||
| Never | 176 | 14 | 132 (75) | 44 (25) | ||
| Former/current | 862 | 17 | 587 (68) | 275 (32) | ||
| Surgery | < .001c | .059 | ||||
| Lobectomy | 796 | 14 | 539 (68) | 257 (32) | ||
| Limited resection | 242 | 25 | 180 (74) | 62 (26) | ||
| Pathologic stage | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| IA | 731 | 13 | 563 (77) | 168 (23) | ||
| IB | 307 | 25 | 156 (51) | 151 (49) | ||
| Architectural grade | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Low | 139 | 5 | 125 (90) | 14 (10) | ||
| Intermediate | 650 | 14 | 449 (69) | 201 (31) | ||
| High | 249 | 28 | 145 (58) | 104 (42) | ||
| Visceral pleural invasion | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Absent | 866 | 14 | 652 (75) | 214 (25) | ||
| Present | 172 | 27 | 67 (39) | 105 (61) | ||
| Lymphatic invasion | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Absent | 707 | 12 | 566 (80) | 141 (20) | ||
| Present | 331 | 26 | 153 (46) | 178 (54) | ||
| Vascular invasion | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Absent | 778 | 12 | 630 (81) | 148 (19) | ||
| Present | 260 | 28 | 89 (34) | 171 (66) | ||
| Necrosis | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Absence | 869 | 13 | 645 (74) | 224 (26) | ||
| Presence | 169 | 33 | 74 (44) | 95 (56) | ||
| Nuclear atypia | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Mild | 451 | 12 | 391 (87) | 60 (13) | ||
| Moderate | 360 | 15 | 240 (67) | 120 (33) | ||
| Severe | 227 | 26 | 88 (39) | 139 (61) | ||
| Mitotic count | < .001c | < .001c | ||||
| Low | 522 | 9 | 1/10 HPFsa | 4/10 HPFsa | ||
| Intermediate | 216 | 19 | (0-76)b | (0-43)b | ||
| High | 300 | 26 | ||||
CIR = cumulative incidence of recurrence; HPF = high-power field.
a
Median.
b
Range.
c
Significant P values.