Table 2. Microbial species relatively more abundant in schizophrenia samples than in controls.

Effect size represents the size of the difference of schizophrenia samples over controls. The effect size as an associated standard error, and multiple comparisons were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (BH).

Effect size (log2 fold change)	Effect size standard error	p value (BH adjusted)	Phylum	Genus	Species	Description
8.37	1.17	2.55E−10	Firmicutes	Lactobacillus	Lactobacillus gasseri	Lactic acid bacterium. Member of diverse communities including gut, vaginal, and oral microbiome. Appears to be the main species of Lactobacilli that inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract
6.81	0.99	9.61E−10	Firmicutes	Catenibacterium	Catenibacterium mitsuokai	Phylogenetic relative of Lactobacilli. Found in gastrointestinal tract
4.82	0.99	3.94E−05	Firmicutes	Eubacterium	Eubacterium hallii *	Butyrate forming, Lactate-utilizing bacterium. Present in human feces
5.71	1.29	3.13E−04	Ascomycota	Candida	Candida dubliniensis	Opportunistic fungus. Part of the oral fungal microbiome. Present in periodontal disease
2.98	0.80	4.17E−03	Firmicutes	Lactobacillus	Lactobacillus salivarius	Lactic acid bacterium. Member of diverse communities including vaginal and oral microbiome
3.79	1.06	6.30E−03	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacterium	Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum	Lactic acid bacterium. Gastrointestinal tract, vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans

Notes.

^*indicates that Eubacterium hallii has been associated with smoking in the nasopharynx microbiome (PMID: 21188149).