Table 3.
Changes in average intakes of food groups, macronutrients and vitamins in females and males
| Females | Males | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baselinea | Follow-upa | Change | p-valueb | Baselinea | Follow-upa | Change | p-valueb | |
| Fruit | 4.2 (2.7;6.1) | 3.9 (2.3;6.4) | 0.568 | 3.3 (1.9;4.9) | 2.2 (1.1;3.8) | (-) | <0.001 | |
| Vegetables | 1.6 (1.0;2.4) | 1.9 (1.1;3.0) | (+) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.7;1.8) | 1.2 (0.6;1.8) | 0.427 | |
| Starchy vegetables | 2.2 (1.4;3.5) | 1.9 (1.2;3.2) | (-) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.4;3.3) | 1.8 (1.2;2.9) | (-) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains | 2.4 (0.7;7.2) | 3.0 (0.9;7.6) | (+) | 0.026 | 2.1 (0.3;6.5) | 2.4 (0.5;6.0) | 0.767 | |
| Refined grains | 27.8 (23.1;33.9) | 28.8 (23.2;35.6) | (+) | 0.021 | 27.4 (21.5;33) | 26.7 (21.1;33.3) | 0.616 | |
| Meat | 11.3 (7.7;15.8) | 11.1 (6.9;15.4) | (−) | 0.043 | 12.8 (9.3;17.3) | 13.7 (10;18.8) | (+) | <0.001 |
| Fish | 1.1 (0.6;1.8) | 1.1 (0.5;1.8) | 0.124 | 1.3 (0.7;1.9) | 1.3 (0.7;2.0) | 0.885 | ||
| Eggs | 0.6 (0.3;1.0) | 0.6 (0.3;1.0) | 0.440 | 0.5 (0.3;0.9) | 0.5 (0.3;1.0) | 0.729 | ||
| Nuts and seeds | 0.3 (0.1;0.9) | 0.4 (0.0;0.8) | 0.940 | 0.3 (0.1;0.8) | 0.3 (0.0;0.9) | 0.287 | ||
| Butter | 0.6 (0.1;2.3) | 0.7 (0.1;2.4) | 0.209 | 0.6 (0.0;2.3) | 0.8 (0.1;2.3) | 0.380 | ||
| Margarine | 0.3 (0.0;1.3) | 0.2 (0.0;1.1) | (−) | 0.013 | 0.3 (0.0;1.3) | 0.2 (0.0;0.9) | (−) | <0.001 |
| Oils | 1.2 (0.6;2.4) | 1.4 (0.6;2.6) | (+) | 0.023 | 1.1 (0.5;2.3) | 1.2 (0.6;2.1) | 0.863 | |
| Dairy | 10.4 (6.8;15.0) | 9.2 (5.6;13.6) | (−) | <0.001 | 10.8 (6.6;16.7) | 9.1 (5.5;14.2) | (−) | <0.001 |
| Sugar-sweetened foods | 15.7 (9.9;21.8) | 15.1 (9.5;21.5) | 0.611 | 15.4 (10.3;22.2) | 15.6 (10.3;21.7) | 0.996 | ||
| Caloric drinks | 7.1 (2.9;13.0) | 6.1 (2.5;12.8) | 0.819 | 8.0 (3.4;14.5) | 10.5 (4.5;16.8) | (+) | <0.001 | |
| Tea [ml/d] | 21.1 (2;89.5) | 25.8 (4.4;133.6) | (+) | <0.001 | 10.1 (0.0;60) | 10.2 (0.0;50.8) | 0.612 | |
| Water [ml/d] | 651.0 (339.6;939.1) | 906.7 (575.4;1355) | (+) | <0.001 | 634.4 (277.8;1046) | 944.9 (376.3; 1530) | (+) | <0.001 |
| Protein | 14.5 (13.0;16.2) | 14.6 (12.8;16.2) | 0.229 | 14.8 (13.2;16.3) | 15.2 (13.4;17.0) | (+) | <0.001 | |
| Fat | 29.8 (26.2;34.0) | 29.7 (26.5;33.6) | 0.195 | 30.5 (27.5;34.3) | 30.8 (27.4;35.3) | (+) | <0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate | 55.4 (50.9;59.5) | 55.5 (50.9;59.5) | 0.062 | 54.8 (49.8;58.8) | 53.5 (48.5;58.3) | (−) | <0.001 | |
| n3 PUFA | 0.6 (0.5;0.6) | 0.6 (0.5;0.7) | 0.721 | 0.5 (0.5;0.6) | 0.6 (0.5;0.7) | (+) | <0.001 | |
| n6 PUFA | 3.8 (3.3;4.5) | 3.9 (3.3;4.7) | 0.818 | 3.9 (3.3;4.6) | 4.0 (3.3;4.7) | (+) | <0.001 | |
| Retinol [mg/d] | 0.4 (0.3;0.5) | 0.3 (0.2;0.5) | (−) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3;0.7) | 0.5 (0.3;0.7) | 0.053 | |
| Beta Carotene [mg/d] | 4.0 (2.6;5.9) | 3.9 (2.4;5.8) | 0.752 | 3.5 (2.2;5.4) | 3.3 (2.0;5.2) | 0.076 | ||
| Vitamin C [mg/d] | 99.4 (71.3;136.8) | 97.7 (69.0;146.1) | 0.264 | 98 (68.3;130.7) | 102.2 (72.4;140.9) | (+) | 0.019 | |
| alpha tocopherol [mg/d] | 7.8 (6.1;9.8) | 7.9 (6.0;10.4) | 0.130 | 8.2 (6.4;10.4) | 9.0 (7.1;11.5) | (+) | <0.001 | |
aMedian (25th percentile; 75th percentile), presented in %EI unless stated otherwise
bPaired Wilcoxon rank sum test; (+) = significant increase from baseline to follow-up: p-value < 0.05; (−) = significant decrease from baseline to follow-up: p-value < 0.05