Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for individuals with and without the onset of cigarette use and univariate associations with the onset of daily cigarette use
| Variable categories and variables | No onset n = 3961 | Onset n = 269 | OR | (95 % CI) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | |||||||
| Age in years, M (SD) a | 19.4 | (1.2) | 19.4 | (1.2) | 0.99 | (0.89–1.10) | .827 |
| Lower educational level (Ref) b | 2,758 | (70.9 %) | 220 | (82.7 %) | |||
| Higher educational level | 1,132 | (29.1 %) | 46 | (17.3 %) | 0.51 | (0.37–0.71) | <.001 |
| Living with parent or parents (Ref) c | 3,598 | (91.5 %) | 232 | (86.6 %) | |||
| Living alone | 98 | (2.5 %) | 10 | (3.7 %) | 1.58 | (0.82–3.07) | .175 |
| Living with partner | 87 | (2.2 %) | 9 | (3.4 %) | 1.60 | (0.80–3.23) | .185 |
| Living with friends or in institution | 151 | (3.8 %) | 17 | (6.3 %) | 1.75 | (1.04–2.93) | .035 |
| Means of subsistence: own person (Ref) d | 776 | (19.7 %) | 58 | (21.7 %) | |||
| Own person and others persons or institutions | 1,643 | (41.6 %) | 129 | (48.3 %) | 1.06 | (0.77–1.46) | .739 |
| Other persons or institutions | 1,522 | (38.7 %) | 80 | (30.0 %) | 0.70 | (0.50–0.997) | .048 |
| Not living in a partnership (Ref) e | 3,767 | (95.8 %) | 251 | (94.0 %) | |||
| Living in a partnership | 166 | (4.2 %) | 16 | (6.0 %) | 1.45 | (0.85–2.45) | .171 |
| Having no siblings (Ref) f | 243 | (6.3 %) | 20 | (7.7 %) | |||
| One or two siblings | 2,938 | (76.6 %) | 195 | (75.3 %) | 0.81 | (0.50–1.30) | .378 |
| Three or more siblings | 656 | (17.1 %) | 44 | (17.0 %) | 0.82 | (0.47–1.14) | .465 |
| Religion and spirituality | |||||||
| Christian religion (Ref) g | 2,949 | (75.5 %) | 176 | (66.9 %) | |||
| Muslim religion | 142 | (3.6 %) | 10 | (3.8 %) | 1.18 | (0.61–2.28) | .623 |
| Other religion | 87 | (2.2 %) | 6 | (2.3 %) | 1.16 | (0.50–2.68) | .736 |
| No religion | 727 | (18.6 %) | 71 | (27.0 %) | 1.64 | (1.23–2.18) | .001 |
| Atheist (Ref) h | 1,025 | (26.3 %) | 86 | (32.6 %) | |||
| Agnostic | 670 | (17.2 %) | 44 | (16.7 %) | 0.78 | (0.54–1.14) | .202 |
| Unsure what to think about god | 491 | (12.6 %) | 37 | (14.0 %) | 0.90 | (0.60–1.34) | .599 |
| Believe in god but not practicing | 1,201 | (30.8 %) | 77 | (29.2 %) | 0.76 | (0.56–1.05) | .098 |
| Believe in god and practicing | 516 | (13.2 %) | 20 | (7.6 %) | 0.46 | (0.28–0.76) | .002 |
| Health and health behaviour | |||||||
| Physical health (SF-12, scale 0–100), M (SD) i | 55.2 | (5.0) | 54.8 | (5.2) | 0.98 | (0.96–1.01) | .133 |
| Mental health (SF-12, scale 0–100), M (SD) j | 49.9 | (8.4) | 49.2 | (9.0) | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | .220 |
| Depression (MDI, scale 0–50), M (SD) k | 6.6 | (6.7) | 8.0 | (8.0) | 1.03 | (1.01–1.04) | .001 |
| Low physical activity (IPAQ) (Ref) l | 355 | (9.6 %) | 19 | (7.8 %) | |||
| Moderate physical activity | 953 | (25.9 %) | 60 | (24.7 %) | 1.18 | (0.69–2.00) | .548 |
| High physical activity | 2,371 | (64.4 %) | 164 | (67.5 %) | 1.29 | (0.79–2.11) | .303 |
| Social context | |||||||
| Grew up with both parents (Ref) m | 3,181 | (81.2 %) | 185 | (70.1 %) | |||
| …with parent and step-parent | 185 | (4.7 %) | 29 | (11.0 %) | 2.70 | (1.77–4.10) | <.001 |
| …with one parent | 500 | (12.8 %) | 47 | (17.8 %) | 1.62 | (1.16–2.26) | .005 |
| …with adoptive or foster parents or in institution | 51 | (1.3 %) | 3 | (1.1 %) | 1.01 | (0.31–3.27) | .985 |
| No parental divorce before the age of 18 (Ref) n | 3,066 | (78.4 %) | 183 | (69.6 %) | |||
| Parental divorce before the age of 18 | 846 | (21.6 %) | 80 | (30.4 %) | 1.58 | (1.21–2.08) | .001 |
| Lower educational level of the father (Ref) o | 1,998 | (51.2 %) | 133 | (50.6 %) | |||
| Higher educational level of the father | 1,904 | (48.8 %) | 130 | (49.4 %) | 1.03 | (0.80–1.32) | .842 |
| Lower educational level of the mother (Ref) p | 2,241 | (57.6 %) | 157 | (59.5 %) | |||
| Higher educational level of the mother | 1,653 | (42.4 %) | 107 | (40.5 %) | 0.92 | (0.71–1.19) | .541 |
| Financial situation of family (scale 1–7), M (SD) q | 3.56 | (1.0) | 3.6 | (1.0) | 1.04 | (0.92–1.19) | .504 |
| Good relationship with parents before age 18, (Ref) r | 3,217 | (81.4 %) | 199 | (74.3 %) | |||
| Bad relationship with parents before age of 18 | 733 | (81.4 %) | 69 | (74.3 %) | 1.52 | (1.14–2.03) | .004 |
| Lower parental rule setting at age 15 (Ref) s | 1,550 | (39.3 %) | 121 | (45.3 %) | |||
| Higher parental rule setting at age 15 | 2,398 | (60.7 %) | 145 | (54.7 %) | 0.78 | (0.61–1.001) | .051 |
| Lower parental monitoring at age 15 (Ref) t | 902 | (22.8 %) | 74 | (27.8 %) | |||
| Higher parental monitoring at age 15 | 3,046 | (77.2 %) | 192 | (72.2 %) | 0.77 | (0.58–1.02) | .063 |
| No psychiatric problem in the father (Ref) u | 3,697 | (93.9 %) | 246 | (91.4 %) | |||
| Psychiatric problem in the father | 241 | (6.1 %) | 23 | (8.6 %) | 1.43 | (0.92–2.24) | .114 |
| No psychiatric problem in the mother (Ref) v | 3,783 | (96.1 %) | 252 | (93.7 %) | |||
| Psychiatric problem in the mother | 154 | (3.9 %) | 17 | (6.3 %) | 1.66 | (0.99–2.78) | .055 |
| No psychiatric problem in peers (Ref) w | 2,398 | (61.4 %) | 116 | (43.8 %) | |||
| Psychiatric problem in peers | 1,507 | (38.6 %) | 149 | (56.2 %) | 2.04 | (1.59–2.63) | <.001 |
| Substance use | |||||||
| Never used ≥ 50 cigarettes x | 3,169 | (80.0 %) | 65 | (24.2 %) | 12.56 | (9.40–16.78) | <.001 |
| Lifetime use of ≥ 50 cigarettes | 792 | (20.0 %) | 204 | (75.8 %) | |||
| Age of first cigarette smoking, M (SD) y | 15.1 | (2.4) | 14.7 | (2.9) | 0.94 | (0.90–0.99) | .026 |
| No use of cigarettes (previous 12 months) (Ref) z | 2,774 | (70.0 %) | 50 | (18.6 %) | |||
| Occasional (non-daily) cigarette use | 1,187 | (30.0 %) | 219 | (81.4 %) | 10.24 | (7.47–14.02) | <.001 |
| No use of tobacco product other than cigarettes (previous 12 months) (Ref) aa | 2,189 | (55.3 %) | 68 | (25.3 %) | |||
| Use of tobacco product other than cigarettes | 1,772 | (44.7 %) | 201 | (74.7 %) | 3.65 | (2.75–4.84) | <.001 |
| Never used ≥ 12 alcoholic drinks ab | 421 | (11.1 %) | 13 | (4.9 %) | |||
| Lifetime use of ≥ 12 alcoholic drinks | 3,366 | (88.9 %) | 250 | (95.1 %) | 2.35 | (1.33–4.13) | .003 |
| Age of first drink, M (SD) ac | 14.6 | (1.9) | 14.0 | (2.03) | 0.87 | (0.83–0.92) | <.001 |
| Alcohol use—no use or not at-risk (AUDIT-C) (previous 12 months) (Ref) ad | 1,374 | (35.0 %) | 58 | (21.8 %) | |||
| Alcohol use—at-risk | 2,550 | (65.0 %) | 208 | (78.2 %) | 1.93 | (1.43–2.60) | <.001 |
| Never used cannabis ae | 1,433 | (36.2 %) | 194 | (72.1 %) | |||
| Lifetime use of cannabis | 2,522 | (63.8 %) | 75 | (27.9 %) | 4.55 | (3.46–5.99) | <.001 |
| Age of first cannabis use, M (SD) af | 16.2 | (1.8) | 15.6 | (2.1) | 0.84 | (0.77–0.90) | <.001 |
| No cannabis use (previous 12 months) (Ref) ag | 3,125 | (18.9 %) | 119 | (44.2 %) | |||
| No problem use (CUDIT) | 701 | (17.7 %) | 95 | (35.3 %) | 3.56 | (2.69–4.72) | <.001 |
| Problem use (CUDIT) | 134 | (3.4 %) | 55 | (20.4 %) | 10.78 | (7.50–15.50) | <.001 |
| Never used illicit drugs other than cannabis (Ref) ah | 3,517 | (89.7 %) | 181 | (68.0 %) | |||
| Lifetime use of illicit drugs other than cannabis | 406 | (10.3 %) | 85 | (32.0 %) | 1.07 | (3.08–5.37) | <.001 |
| Personality | |||||||
| No attention deficit syndrome (ASRS) (Ref) ai | 3,820 | (96.6 %) | 257 | (95.9 %) | |||
| Attention deficit syndrome | 135 | (3.4 %) | 11 | (4.1 %) | 1.21 | (0.65–2.27) | .550 |
| Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1–5), M (SD) aj | 3.0 | (0.8) | 3.3 | (0.9) | 1.56 | (1.34–1.82) | <.001 |
| Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD) ak | 4.0 | (2.2) | 4.6 | (2.1) | 1.13 | (1.07–1.20) | <.001 |
| Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD) al | 5.7 | (2.3) | 6.4 | (1.9) | 1.15 | (1.09–1.22) | <.001 |
| Anxiety (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD) am | 1.9 | (1.9) | 2.0 | (2.0) | 1.02 | (0.95–1.08) | .636 |
| Peer pressure (PPI total score, range −3–+3), M (SD) an | 0.3 | (0.4) | 0.4 | (0.4) | 1.46 | (1.06–2.00) | .020 |
| No anti-social personality disorder (Ref) ao | 3,429 | (87.6 %) | 196 | (74.5 %) | |||
| Anti-social personality disorder | 484 | (12.4 %) | 67 | (25.5 %) | 2.42 | (1.81–3.25) | <.001 |
Separate binary logistic regression model for each baseline variable. Values are n (%) unless stated otherwise. Missing values: a n = 1, b n = 74, c n = 28, d n = 31, e n = 30, f n = 134, g n = 62, h n = 63, i n = 29, j n = 29, k n = 42, l n = 308, m n = 49, n n = 55, o n = 65, p n = 72, q n = 31, r n = 12, s n = 15, t n = 16, u n = 23, v n = 24, w n = 60, x n = 0, y n = 2028, z n = 0, aa n = 0, ab n = 6, ac n = 175, ad n = 40, ae n = 6, af n = 2,605, ag n = 1, ah n = 41, ai n = 7, aj n = 3, ak n = 5, al n = 5, am n = 5, an n = 81, ao n = 54
ASRS Item Screener of the Attention Deficit Syndrome Self Report Scale, AUDIT-C Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption, BSSS Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, CI confidence interval, CUDIT Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, M mean, MDI Major Depressive Inventory, OR Odds Ratio, PPI Peer Pressure Inventory, Ref reference category, SD standard deviation, SF-12 Short-Form Health Survey, ZKPQ Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire